嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及13何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



degradation of the Middle Ages�察�which had really respected her only when 

unsexed   and   celibate�察  �the   French   woman   had   assumed�察  �often   lawlessly�察�

always   triumphantly�察  �her   just   freedom�察  �her   true   place   as   the   equal�察  �the 

coadjutor�察  �the   counsellor   of   man。      Of   all   problems   connected   with   the 

education of a young prince�察�that of the influence of woman was�察�in the 

France of the Ancien Regime�察�the most important。                    And it was just that 

which Fenelon did not�察�perhaps dared not�察�try to touch�察�and which he most 

certainly     could    not  have    solved。     Meanwhile�察       �not  only    Madame      de 

Maintenon�察�but women whose names it were a shame to couple with hers�察�



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must have smiled at�察�while they hated�察�the saint who attempted to dispense 

not only  with   them�察 �but   with the  ideal   queen  who   should have   been   the 

helpmeet of the ideal king。 

     To   those  who   believe  that   the   world   is   governed by  a   living   God�察  �it 

may  seem  strange�察  �at   first   sight�察 �that this   moral   anarchy  was   allowed   to 

endure�察  �that   the   avenging�察  �and   yet   most   purifying   storm   of   the   French 

Revolution�察�inevitable from Louis XIV。's latter years�察�was not allowed to 

burst   two   generations   sooner   than   it   did。    Is   not   the   answerthat   the 

question always is not of destroying the world�察�but of amending it�拭                   �And 

that   amendment   must   always   come   from   within�察  �and   not   from   without�拭�

That     men    must    be   taught    to  become      men�察   �and    mend     their  world 

themselves�拭       �To educate men into self´ governmentthat is the purpose 

of the government of God�察�and some of the men of the eighteenth century 

did not learn that lesson。        As the century rolled on�察�the human mind arose 

out of the slough in which Le Sage found it�察�into manifold and beautiful 

activity�察�increasing hatred of shams and lies�察�increasing hunger after truth 

and usefulness。       With mistakes and confusions innumerable they worked�此�

but still they worked�察�planting good seed�察�and when the fire of the French 

Revolution swept over the land�察�it burned up the rotten and the withered�察�

only to let the fresh herbage spring up from underneath。 

     But   that   purifying   fire   was   needed。     If   we   inquire   why   the   many 

attempts     to  reform    the   Ancien    Regime�察    �which     the  eighteenth    century 

witnessed�察     �were   failures   one   and   all�察 �why   Pombal      failed  in  Portugal�察�

Aranda in Spain�察�Joseph II。 in Austria�察�Ferdinand and Caroline in Naples 

for these last�察�be it always remembered�察�began as humane and enlightened 

sovereigns�察  �patronising   liberal   opinions�察  �and   labouring   to   ameliorate   the 

condition     of   the  poor�察  �till  they  were    driven   by   the  murder     of  Marie 

Antoinette into a paroxysm of rage and terror why�察�above all�察�Louis XVI。�察�

who attempted deeper and wiser reforms than any other sovereign�察�failed 

more disastrously than anyis not the answer this�察�that all these reforms 

would but have cleansed the outside of the cup and the platter�察�while they 

left the inside full of extortion and excess�拭          �It was not merely institutions 

which required to be reformed�察�but men and women。                      The spirit of ;Gil 

Blas;   had   to   be   cast   out。 The   deadness�察  �selfishness�察  �isolation   of   men's 



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souls�察  �their   unbelief   in   great   duties�察  �great   common     causes�察  �great   self´ 

sacrificesin a word�察�their unbelief in God�察�and themselves�察�and mankind´ 

´all   that   had   to   be   reformed�察  �and   till   that   was   done   all   outward   reform 

would but have left them�察�at best�察�in brute ease and peace�察�to that soulless 

degradation�察�which ��as in the Byzantine empire of old�察�and seeming in the 

Chinese empire of to´ day�� hides the reality of barbarism under a varnish 

of   civilisation。    Men    had   to   be  awakened�察     �to   be  taught    to  think   for 

themselves�察  �act   for   themselves�察  �to   dare   and   suffer   side   by   side   for   their 

country and for their children�察�in a word�察�to arise and become men once 

more。 

     And�察�what is more�察�men had to punishto avenge。                  Those are fearful 

words。     But   there   is�察  �in   this   God´guided   universe�察  �a   law   of   retribution�察�

which will find men out�察�whether men choose to find it out or not�察�a law of 

retribution�察  �of   vengeance   inflicted   justly�察  �though   not   necessarily   by   just 

men。     The public executioner was seldom a very estimable personage�察�at 

least under the old Regime�察�and those who have been the scourges of God 

have been�察�in general�察�mere scourges�察�and nothing better�察�smiting blindly�察�

rashly�察�confusedly�察�confounding too often the innocent with the guilty�察�till 

they have seemed only to punish crime by crime�察�and replace old sins by 

new。     But�察�however insoluble�察�however saddening that puzzle be�察�I must 

believeas      long   as   I  believe   in   any   God    at   allthat  such    men    as 

Robespierre were His instruments�察�even in their crimes。 

     In the case of the French Revolution�察�indeed�察�the wickedness of certain 

of its leaders was part of the retribution itself。            For the noblesse existed 

surely to make men better。           It did�察�by certain classes�察�the very opposite。 

Therefore   it   was     destroyed   by   wicked     men�察  �whom   it    itself   had  made 

wicked。      For over and above all political�察�economic�察�social wrongs�察�there 

were   wrongs   personal�察  �human�察  �dramatic�察  �which   stirred   not   merely   the 

springs of covetousness or envy�察�or even of a just demand for the freedom 

of labour and enterprise�此        �but the very deepest springs of rage�察�contempt�察�

and hate�察�wrongs which caused�察�as I believe�察�the horrors of the Revolution。 

     It is notorious how many of the men most deeply implicated in those 

horrors were of the artist classby which I signify not merely painters and 

sculptorsas the word artist has now got�察�somewhat strangely�察�to signify�察�



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at least in Englandbut what the French meant by ARTISTESproducers 

of luxuries and amusements�察�play´ actors�察�musicians�察�and suchlike�察�down 

to   that   ;distracted   peruke´   maker   with   two   fiery   torches�察─  �who�察  �at   the 

storm of the Bastile�察 �was for burning the saltpetres of the Arsenal�察�had not 

a woman run screaming�察�had not a patriot�察�with some tincture of natural 

philosophy�察�instantly struck the wind out of him�察�with butt of musket on 

pit of stomach�察�overturned the barrels�察�and stayed the devouring element。; 

The   distracted   peruke´maker   may   have   had   his   wrongsperhaps   such   a 

one as that of poor Triboulet the fool�察�in ;Le Roi s'amuse;and his own 

sound reasons for blowing down the Bastile�察�and the system which kept it 

up。 

     For    these   very    ministers    of   luxurythen     miscalled     artfrom    the 

periwig´maker to the play´actorwho like them had seen the frivolity�察�the 

baseness�察�the profligacy�察�of the rulers to whose vices they pandered�察�whom 

they despised while they adored�             �Figaro himself may have looked up to 

his master the Marquis as a superior being as long as the law enabled the 

Marquis to send him to the Bastile by a lettre de cachet�察�yet Figaro may 

have known and seen enough to excuse him�察�when lettres de cachet were 

abolished�察  �for   handing   the   Marquis   over   to   a   Comite   de   Salut   Public。 

Disappointed   play´actors�察  �like   Collet   d'Herbois�察  �disappointed   poets�察  �like 

Fabre d'Olivet�察�were�察�they say�察�especially ferocious。              Why not�拭�Ingenious�察�

sensitive  spirits�察 �used   as   lap´dogs   and   singing´birds   by   men   and   women 

whom  they   felt   to   be   their   own   flesh   and   blood�察  �they   had�察  �it   may   be�察  �a 

juster appreciation of the actual worth of their patrons than had our own 

Pitt   and   Burke。    They  had   played   the   valet�此�and   no   man   was   a   hero   to 

them。     They had seen the nobleman expose himself before his own helots�此�

they    would     try  if  the  helot  was    not  as  good    as  the   nobleman。      The 

nobleman   had played   the   mountebank�此  �why  should   not the   mountebank�察�

for   once�察  �play   the   nobleman�拭     �The   nobleman's   God   had   been   his   five 

senses�察�with ��to use Mr。 Carlyle's phrase�� the sixth sense of vanity�此                  �why 

should not the mountebank worship the same God�察�like Carriere at Nantes�察�

and see what grace and gifts he too might obtain at that altar�拭�

     But   why   so   cruel�拭   �Because�察  �with   many   of   these   men�察  �I   more   than 

suspect�察�there were wrongs to be avenged deeper than any wrongs done to 



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                                  THE ANCIEN REGIME 



the   sixth   sense   of  vanity。    Wrongs      common      to  them�察   �and   to  a  great 

portion of the respectable middle class�察�and much of the lower class�此                  �but 

wrongs to   which they  and   their   families�察�being   most   in   contact   with the 

noblesse�察�would be especially exposed�察�namely�察�wrongs to women。 

     Everyone   who   knows   the   literature   of   that   time�察  �must   know   what   I 

mean�此     �what had gone on for more than a century�察�it may be more than 

two�察   �in  France�察   �in  Italy�察 �andI   
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��