嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及17何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



therefore   worthy  of   deathfrom  all   these   blasts   of   Fame's   lying   trumpet 



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they helped to deliver men�察�and they therefore helped to insure something 

like   peace   and   personal   security   for   those   quiet�察  �modest�察  �and   generally 

virtuous   men�察  �who�察  �as   students   of   physical   science�察  �devoted   their   lives�察�

during the eighteenth century�察 �to asking of natureWhat   are the facts of 

the case�拭�

     It was no coincidence�察�but a connection of cause and effect�察�that during 

the century of philosopher sound physical science throve�察�as she had never 

thriven     before�察   �that  in   zoology     and   botany�察   �chemistry      and   medicine�察�

geology and astronomy�察�man after man�察�both of the middle and the noble 

classes�察  �laid   down   on   more   and   more   sound�察  �because   more   and   more 

extended      foundations�察     �that   physical    science    which     will   endure    as   an 

everlasting heritage to mankind�察�endure�察�even though a second Byzantine 

period   should   reduce   it   to   a   timid   and   traditional   pedantry�察  �or   a   second 

irruption     of  barbarians     sweep     it  away   for   awhile�察   �to  revive    again   ��as 

classic philosophy revived in the fifteenth century�� among new and more 

energetic   races�察  �when   the   kingdom   of   God   shall   have   been   taken   away 

from us�察�and given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof。 

     An eternal heritage�察�I say�察�for the human race�察�which once gained�察�can 

never   be   lost�察  �which   stands�察  �and   will   stand�察  �marches�察  �and   will   march�察�

proving   its   growth�察  �its   health�察  �its   progressive   force�察  �its   certainty  of   final 

victory�察�by those very changes�察�disputes�察�mistakes�察�which the ignorant and 

the bigoted hold up to scorn�察�as proofs of its uncertainty and its rottenness�察�

because they never have dared or cared to ask boldlyWhat are the facts 

of the case�拭�and have never discovered either the acuteness�察�the patience�察�

the   calm   justice�察  �necessary   for   ascertaining   the   facts�察  �or   their   awful   and 

divine certainty when once ascertained。 

     ��But these philosophers ��it will be said�� hated all religion。 

     Before     that   question    can    be  fairly   discussed�察    �it  is  surely   right  to 

consider what form of religion that was which they found working round 

them   in   France�察  �and   on   the   greater   part   of   the   Continent。    The   quality 

thereof may have surely had something to do ��as they themselves asserted�� 

with that ;sort of rage; with which ��to use M。 de Tocqueville's words�� ;the 

Christian religion was attacked in France。; 

     M。 de Tocqueville is of opinion ��and his opinion is likely to be just�� 



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that ;the Church was not more open to attack in France than elsewhere�察�

that   the   corruptions   and   abuses   which   had   been   allowed   to   creep   into   it 

were   less�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �there   than   in   most   Catholic   countries。     The 

Church      of   France    was    infinitely   more    tolerant    than   it  ever  had    been 

previously�察�and than it still was among other nations。                   Consequently�察�the 

peculiar causes of this phenomenon; ��the hatred which it aroused�� ;must 

be looked for less in the condition of religion than in that of society。; 

     ;We no longer�察─�he says�察�shortly after�察 �ask in what the Church of that 

day   erred   as   a   religious   institution�察  �but   how   far   it   stood   opposed   to   the 

political revolution which was at hand。;              And he goes on to show how the 

principles     of   her  ecclesiastical     government�察      �and   her   political   position�察�

were such that the philosophes must needs have been her enemies。                           But 

he   mentions   another   fact   which   seems   to   me   to   belong   neither   to   the 

category of religion nor to that of politics�察�a fact which�察�if he had done us 

the   honour   to   enlarge   upon   it�察  �might   have   led   him   and   his   readers   to   a 

more true understanding of the disrepute into which Christianity had fallen 

in France。 

     ;The ecclesiastical authority had been specially employed in keeping 

watch   over   the   progress   of   thought�察  �and   the   censorship   of   books   was   a 

daily annoyance to the philosophes。               By defending the common liberties 

of the human mind against the Church�察�they were combating in their own 

cause�此    �and   they   began   by   breaking   the   shackles   which   pressed   most 

closely on themselves。; 

     Just so。     And they are not to be blamed if they pressed first and most 

earnestly reforms which they knew by painful experience to be necessary。 

All reformers are wont thus to begin at home。                 It is to their honour if�察�not 

content with shaking off their own fetters�察�they begin to see that others are 

fettered   likewise�察  �and�察  �reasoning   from   the   particular   to   the   universal�察  �to 

learn that their own cause is the cause of mankind。                    There is�察�therefore�察�

no reason to doubt that these men were honest�察�when they said that they 

were combating�察�not in their own cause merely�察�but in that of humanity�察�

and   that   the   Church   was   combating   in   her   own   cause�察  �and   that   of   her 

power   and   privilege。       The   Church   replied   that   she�察  �too�察  �was   combating 

for humanity�察�for its moral and eternal well´being。                  But that is just what 



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the  philosophes   denied。 They  said   ��and   it   is   but   fair   to   take   a   statement 

which appears on the face of all their writings�察�which is the one key´note 

on   which   they   ring   perpetual   changes���察  �that   the   cause   of   the   Church   in 

France was not that of humanity�察�but of inhumanity�察�not that of nature�察�but 

of   unnature�察  �not   even   that   of   grace�察  �but   of   disgrace。 Truely   or   falsely�察�

they complained that the French clergy had not only identified themselves 

with the repression of free thought�察�and of physical science�察�especially that 

of the Newtonian astronomy�察�but that they had proved themselves utterly 

unfit�察  �for   centuries   past�察  �to   exercise   any  censorship   whatsoever  over   the 

thoughts   of   men�此  �that   they   had   identified   themselves   with   the   cause   of 

darkness�察�not of light�察�with persecution and torture�察�with the dragonnades 

of   Louis   XIV。�察  �with   the   murder   of   Calas   and   of   Urban   Grandier�察  �with 

celibacy�察    �hysteria�察   �demonology�察      �witchcraft�察    �and    the  shameful      public 

scandals�察  �like   those   of   Gauffredi�察  �Grandier�察  �and   Pere   Giraud�察  �which   had 

arisen out of mental disease�察�with forms of worship which seemed to them 

��rightly or wrongly�� idolatry�察�and miracles which seemed to them ��rightly 

or   wrongly��   impostures�察  �that   the   clergy   interfered   perpetually   with   the 

sanctity of family life�察�as well as with the welfare of the state�察�that their 

evil counsels�察�and specially those of the Jesuits�察�had been patent and potent 

causes of much of the misrule and misery of Louis XIV。's and XV。's reigns�察�

and that with all these heavy counts against them�察�their morality was not 

such as to make other men more moral�察�and was notat least among the 

hierarchyimproving�察�or likely to improve。                To a Mazarin�察�a De Retz�察�a 

Richelieu ��questionable men enough�� had succeeded a Dubois�察�a Rohan�察�a 

Lomenie de Brienne�察�a Maury�察�a Talleyrand�察�and at the revolution of 1789 

thoughtful Frenchmen asked�察�once and for all�察�what was to be done with a 

Church of which these were the hierophants�拭�

     Whether these complaints affected the French Church as a ;religious; 

institution�察�must depend entirely on the meaning which is attached to the 

word ;religion;�此       �that they affected her on scientific�察�rational�察�and moral 

grounds�察�independent of any merely political one�察�is as patent as that the 

attack     based    on   them    was    one´sided�察    �virulent�察  �and    often   somewhat 

hypocritical�察  �considering   the   private   morals   of   many   of   the   assailants。 

We knowor ought to knowthat within that religion which seemed to the 



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philosophes ��so distorted and defaced had it become�� a nightmare dream�察�

crushing      the   life  out  of   mankind�察    �there   lie  elements     divine�察   �eternal�察�

necessary for man in this life and the life to come。                But we are bound to 

askHad they a fair chance of knowing what we know�拭                      �Have we proof 

that their hatred was against all religion�察�or only against that which they 

saw  around them�拭         �Have   we   proof   that   they  would have   equally  hated�察�

had   they   been   in   permanent   contact   with   them�察  �creeds   more   free   from 

certain   faults   which   seemed   to   them�察  �in   the   case   of   the   French   Church�察�

ineradicable   and   inexpiable�拭        �Till   then   we   must   have   charitywhich   is 

justiceeven for the philosophes of the eighteenth century。 

     This     view    of   the   case   had    been    surely    overlooked      by   M。    de 

Tocqueville�察�when he tried to explain by the fear of revolutions�察�the fact 

that both in America and in England�察 �while the boldest political doctrines 

of    the  eighteenth´c
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��