嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及16何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



the menu peuple they had no influence�察�and did not care to have any���察�but 

of every continental sovereign who felt in himself higher aspirations than 

those of a mere selfish tyrantFrederick the Great�察�Christina of Sweden�察�

Joseph of Austria�察�and even that fallen Juno�察�Catharine of Russia�察�with all 

her    sins。    To    take   the   most    extreme     instance    Voltaire。    We     may 

question his being a philosopher at all。            We may deny that he had even a 

tincture of formal philosophy。           We may doubt much whether he had any 

of    that  human     and   humorous       common      sense�察  �which     is  often   a  good 

substitute   for   the   philosophy  of   the   schools。 We   may  feel   against   him   a 

just and honest indignation when we remember that he dared to travestie 

into a foul satire the tale of his country's purest and noblest heroine�察�but 

we   must   recollect�察  �at   the   same   time�察  �that   he   did   a   public   service   to   the 

morality of his own country�察�and of all Europe�察�by his indignationquite as 

just and honest as any which we may feelat the legal murder of Calas。 

We     must   recollect   that�察  �if   he   exposes   baseness   and   foulness   with   too 

cynical a license of speech ��in which�察�indeed�察�he sinned no more than had 



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the   average   of   French   writers   since   the   days   of   Montaigne���察  �he   at   least 

never advocates them�察�as did Le Sage。              We must recollect that�察�scattered 

throughout his writings�察�are words in favour of that which is just�察�merciful�察�

magnanimous�察�and even�察�at times�察�in favour of that which is pure�察�which 

proves that in Voltaire�察�as in most men�察�there was a double selfthe one 

sickened to cynicism by the iniquity and folly which he saw around him 

the other�察�hungering after a nobler life�察�and possibly exciting that hunger 

in   one   and   another�察  �here   and   there�察  �who   admired   him   for   other   reasons 

than the educated mob�察�which cried after him ;Vive la Pucelle。; 

     Rousseau�察      �too。    Easy     it  is  to   feel  disgust�察   �contempt�察    �for   the 

;Confessions;   and   the   ;Nouvelle   Heloise;for   much�察  �too   much�察  �in   the 

man's own life and character。           One would think the worse of the young 

Englishman   who   did   not   so   feel�察  �and   express   his   feelings   roundly   and 

roughly。     But all young Englishmen should recollect�察�that to Rousseau's 

;Emile;      they   owe    their  deliverance     from    the   useless   pedantries�察   �the 

degrading   brutalities�察  �of   the   medieval   system   of   school   education�察  �that 

;Emile; awakened throughout civilised Europe a conception of education 

just�察�humane�察�rational�察�truly scientific�察�because founded upon facts�察�that if 

it had not been written by one writhing under the bitter consequences of 

mis´ education�察�and feeling their sting and their brand day by day on his 

own spirit�察�Miss Edgeworth might never have reformed our nurseries�察�or 

Dr。 Arnold our public schools。 

     And so with the rest of the philosophes。              That there were charlatans 

among   them�察  �vain   men�察  �pretentious   men�察  �profligate   men�察  �selfish�察  �self´ 

seeking�察�and hypocritical men�察�who doubts�拭                �Among what class of men 

were there not such in those evil days�拭           �In what class of men are there not 

such now�察�in spite of all social and moral improvement�拭                 �But nothing but 

the conviction�察�among the average�察�that they were in the rightthat they 

were fighting a battle for which it was worth while to dare�察�and if need be 

to suffer�察�could have enabled them to defy what was then public opinion�察�

backed by overwhelming physical force。 

     Their    intellectual   defects    are  patent。   No     one   can   deny   that  their 

inductions      were   hasty   and   partial�此  �but    then   they  were    inductions    as 

opposed to the dull pedantry of the schools�察�which rested on tradition only 



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half   believed�察  �or   pretended   to   be   believed。     No   one   can   deny   that   their 

theories   were   too   general   and   abstract�察  �but   then   they   were   theories   as 

opposed to the no´theory of the Ancien Regime�察�which   was�察 �Let us eat 

and drink�察�for to´morrow we die。; 

     Theoriesprinciplesby them if men do not live�察�by them men are�察�at 

least�察   �stirred   into   life�察 �at   the   sight   of   something      more     noble    than 

themselves。       Only by great ideas�察�right or wrong�察�could such a world as 

that   which   Le   Sage   painted�察  �be   roused   out   of   its   slough   of   foul   self´ 

satisfaction�察�and equally foul self´discontent。 

     For   mankind   is   ruled   and   guided�察  �in   the   long   run�察  �not   by   practical 

considerations�察�not   by  self´interest�察�not by  compromises�察�but   by  theories 

and principles�察�and those of the most abstruse�察�delicate�察�supernatural�察�and 

literally unspeakable kind�察�which�察�whether they be according to reason or 

not�察�are so little according to logicthat is�察�to speakable reasonthat they 

cannot   be   put   into   speech。     Men   act�察  �whether   singly   or   in   masses�察  �by 

impulses   and   instincts   for   which   they   give   reasons   quite   incompetent�察�

often quite irrelevant�察�but which they have caught from each other�察�as they 

catch   fever   or   small´pox�察  �as   unconsciously�察  �and   yet   as   practically   and 

potently�察�just as the nineteenth century has caught from the philosophers 

of   the  eighteenth   most   practical   rules of   conduct�察  �without   even  ��in   most 

cases�� having read a word of their works。 

     And what has this century caught from these philosophers�拭                     �One rule 

it has learnt�察�and that a most practical oneto appeal in all cases�察�as much 

as   possible�察   �to   ;Reason     and   the   Laws    of   Nature。;    That�察  �at  least�察  �the 

philosophers tried to do。          Often they failed。 Their conceptions of reason 

and of the laws of nature being often incorrect�察�they appealed to unreason 

and to laws which were not those of nature。                 ;The fixed idea of them all 

was�察─�says M。 de Tocqueville�察 �to substitute simple and elementary rules�察�

deduced      from    reason    and    natural   law�察  �for   the  complicated       traditional 

customs which governed the society of their time。;                  They were often rash�察�

hasty�察�in the application of their method。              They ignored whole classes of 

facts�察�which�察�though spiritual and not physical�察�are just as much facts�察�and 

facts   for   science�察  �as   those   which   concern   a   stone   or   a   fungus。     They 

mistook   for   merely   complicated   traditional   customs�察  �many   most   sacred 



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institutions which were just as much founded on reason and natural law�察�as 

any   theories   of   their   own。   But   who   shall   say   that   their   method   was   not 

correct�拭     �That   it   was   not   the   only   method�拭    �They   appealed   to   reason。 

Would you have had them appeal to unreason�拭                    �They appealed to natural 

law。     Would you have had them appeal to unnatural law��law according 

to   which   God   did   not   make   this   world�拭     �Alas�   �that   had   been   done   too 

often   already。     Solomon   saw   it   done   in   his   time�察  �and   called   it   folly�察  �to 

which he prophesied no good end。                Rabelais saw it done in his time�察�and 

wrote     his   chapters     on   the   ;Children     of   Physis    and    the   Children     of 

Antiphysis。;       But�察�born in an evil generation�察�which was already�察�even in 

1500�察  �ripening   for   the   revolution   of   1789�察  �he   was   sensual   and�察  �I   fear�察�

cowardly enough to hide his light�察�not under a bushel�察�but under a dunghill�察�

till men took him for a jester of jests�察�and his great wisdom was lost to the 

worse and more foolish generations which followed him�察�and thought they 

understood him。 

     But as for appealing to natural law for that which is good for men�察�and 

to reason for the power of discerning that same goodif man cannot find 

truth by that method�察�by what method shall he find it�拭�

     And      thus     it   happened       that�察   �though      these    philosophers        and 

encyclopaedists   were   not   men   of   science�察  �they   were   at   least   the   heralds 

and the coadjutors of science。 

     We   may   call them�察  �and justly�察  �dreamers�察�theorists�察  �fanatics。            But   we 

must recollect that one thing they  meant to   do�察�and   did。                 They  recalled 

men   to   facts�察  �they   bid   them   ask   of   everything   they   saw   What   are   the 

facts of the case�拭      �Till we know the facts�察�argument is worse than useless。 

     Now   the   habit   of   asking   for   the   facts   of   the   case   must   deliver   men 

more   or   less   from  that   evil   spirit   which   the   old   Romans   called   ;Fama�察─�

from her whom Virgil described in the AEneid as the ugliest�察�the falsest�察�

and the cruellest of monsters。 

     From      ;Fama�察─     �from     rumours�察     �hearsays�察    �exaggerations�察      �scandals�察�

superstitions�察  �public   opinionswhether   from   the   ancient   public   opinion 

that the sun went round the earth�察�or the equally public opinion�察�that those 

who   dared   to   differ   from   public   opinion   were   hateful   to   the   deity�察  �and 

therefore   worthy  of   deathfrom  all   these   blasts   of   Fame's   lying   
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��