嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及16何蛍
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��
the menu peuple they had no influence�察�and did not care to have any���察�but
of every continental sovereign who felt in himself higher aspirations than
those of a mere selfish tyrantFrederick the Great�察�Christina of Sweden�察�
Joseph of Austria�察�and even that fallen Juno�察�Catharine of Russia�察�with all
her sins。 To take the most extreme instance Voltaire。 We may
question his being a philosopher at all。 We may deny that he had even a
tincture of formal philosophy。 We may doubt much whether he had any
of that human and humorous common sense�察 �which is often a good
substitute for the philosophy of the schools。 We may feel against him a
just and honest indignation when we remember that he dared to travestie
into a foul satire the tale of his country's purest and noblest heroine�察�but
we must recollect�察 �at the same time�察 �that he did a public service to the
morality of his own country�察�and of all Europe�察�by his indignationquite as
just and honest as any which we may feelat the legal murder of Calas。
We must recollect that�察 �if he exposes baseness and foulness with too
cynical a license of speech ��in which�察�indeed�察�he sinned no more than had
55
´ Page 56´
THE ANCIEN REGIME
the average of French writers since the days of Montaigne���察 �he at least
never advocates them�察�as did Le Sage。 We must recollect that�察�scattered
throughout his writings�察�are words in favour of that which is just�察�merciful�察�
magnanimous�察�and even�察�at times�察�in favour of that which is pure�察�which
proves that in Voltaire�察�as in most men�察�there was a double selfthe one
sickened to cynicism by the iniquity and folly which he saw around him
the other�察�hungering after a nobler life�察�and possibly exciting that hunger
in one and another�察 �here and there�察 �who admired him for other reasons
than the educated mob�察�which cried after him ;Vive la Pucelle。;
Rousseau�察 �too。 Easy it is to feel disgust�察 �contempt�察 �for the
;Confessions; and the ;Nouvelle Heloise;for much�察 �too much�察 �in the
man's own life and character。 One would think the worse of the young
Englishman who did not so feel�察 �and express his feelings roundly and
roughly。 But all young Englishmen should recollect�察�that to Rousseau's
;Emile; they owe their deliverance from the useless pedantries�察 �the
degrading brutalities�察 �of the medieval system of school education�察 �that
;Emile; awakened throughout civilised Europe a conception of education
just�察�humane�察�rational�察�truly scientific�察�because founded upon facts�察�that if
it had not been written by one writhing under the bitter consequences of
mis´ education�察�and feeling their sting and their brand day by day on his
own spirit�察�Miss Edgeworth might never have reformed our nurseries�察�or
Dr。 Arnold our public schools。
And so with the rest of the philosophes。 That there were charlatans
among them�察 �vain men�察 �pretentious men�察 �profligate men�察 �selfish�察 �self´
seeking�察�and hypocritical men�察�who doubts�拭 �Among what class of men
were there not such in those evil days�拭 �In what class of men are there not
such now�察�in spite of all social and moral improvement�拭 �But nothing but
the conviction�察�among the average�察�that they were in the rightthat they
were fighting a battle for which it was worth while to dare�察�and if need be
to suffer�察�could have enabled them to defy what was then public opinion�察�
backed by overwhelming physical force。
Their intellectual defects are patent。 No one can deny that their
inductions were hasty and partial�此 �but then they were inductions as
opposed to the dull pedantry of the schools�察�which rested on tradition only
56
´ Page 57´
THE ANCIEN REGIME
half believed�察 �or pretended to be believed。 No one can deny that their
theories were too general and abstract�察 �but then they were theories as
opposed to the no´theory of the Ancien Regime�察�which was�察 �Let us eat
and drink�察�for to´morrow we die。;
Theoriesprinciplesby them if men do not live�察�by them men are�察�at
least�察 �stirred into life�察 �at the sight of something more noble than
themselves。 Only by great ideas�察�right or wrong�察�could such a world as
that which Le Sage painted�察 �be roused out of its slough of foul self´
satisfaction�察�and equally foul self´discontent。
For mankind is ruled and guided�察 �in the long run�察 �not by practical
considerations�察�not by self´interest�察�not by compromises�察�but by theories
and principles�察�and those of the most abstruse�察�delicate�察�supernatural�察�and
literally unspeakable kind�察�which�察�whether they be according to reason or
not�察�are so little according to logicthat is�察�to speakable reasonthat they
cannot be put into speech。 Men act�察 �whether singly or in masses�察 �by
impulses and instincts for which they give reasons quite incompetent�察�
often quite irrelevant�察�but which they have caught from each other�察�as they
catch fever or small´pox�察 �as unconsciously�察 �and yet as practically and
potently�察�just as the nineteenth century has caught from the philosophers
of the eighteenth most practical rules of conduct�察 �without even ��in most
cases�� having read a word of their works。
And what has this century caught from these philosophers�拭 �One rule
it has learnt�察�and that a most practical oneto appeal in all cases�察�as much
as possible�察 �to ;Reason and the Laws of Nature。; That�察 �at least�察 �the
philosophers tried to do。 Often they failed。 Their conceptions of reason
and of the laws of nature being often incorrect�察�they appealed to unreason
and to laws which were not those of nature。 ;The fixed idea of them all
was�察─�says M。 de Tocqueville�察 �to substitute simple and elementary rules�察�
deduced from reason and natural law�察 �for the complicated traditional
customs which governed the society of their time。; They were often rash�察�
hasty�察�in the application of their method。 They ignored whole classes of
facts�察�which�察�though spiritual and not physical�察�are just as much facts�察�and
facts for science�察 �as those which concern a stone or a fungus。 They
mistook for merely complicated traditional customs�察 �many most sacred
57
´ Page 58´
THE ANCIEN REGIME
institutions which were just as much founded on reason and natural law�察�as
any theories of their own。 But who shall say that their method was not
correct�拭 �That it was not the only method�拭 �They appealed to reason。
Would you have had them appeal to unreason�拭 �They appealed to natural
law。 Would you have had them appeal to unnatural law��law according
to which God did not make this world�拭 �Alas� �that had been done too
often already。 Solomon saw it done in his time�察 �and called it folly�察 �to
which he prophesied no good end。 Rabelais saw it done in his time�察�and
wrote his chapters on the ;Children of Physis and the Children of
Antiphysis。; But�察�born in an evil generation�察�which was already�察�even in
1500�察 �ripening for the revolution of 1789�察 �he was sensual and�察 �I fear�察�
cowardly enough to hide his light�察�not under a bushel�察�but under a dunghill�察�
till men took him for a jester of jests�察�and his great wisdom was lost to the
worse and more foolish generations which followed him�察�and thought they
understood him。
But as for appealing to natural law for that which is good for men�察�and
to reason for the power of discerning that same goodif man cannot find
truth by that method�察�by what method shall he find it�拭�
And thus it happened that�察 �though these philosophers and
encyclopaedists were not men of science�察 �they were at least the heralds
and the coadjutors of science。
We may call them�察 �and justly�察 �dreamers�察�theorists�察 �fanatics。 But we
must recollect that one thing they meant to do�察�and did。 They recalled
men to facts�察 �they bid them ask of everything they saw What are the
facts of the case�拭 �Till we know the facts�察�argument is worse than useless。
Now the habit of asking for the facts of the case must deliver men
more or less from that evil spirit which the old Romans called ;Fama�察─�
from her whom Virgil described in the AEneid as the ugliest�察�the falsest�察�
and the cruellest of monsters。
From ;Fama�察─ �from rumours�察 �hearsays�察 �exaggerations�察 �scandals�察�
superstitions�察 �public opinionswhether from the ancient public opinion
that the sun went round the earth�察�or the equally public opinion�察�that those
who dared to differ from public opinion were hateful to the deity�察 �and
therefore worthy of deathfrom all these blasts of Fame's lying
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��