嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及2何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



the country either�察�has seen quite enough of life�察�and learnt quite enough of 

it�察�to form a very fair judgment of the man who offers to represent him in 

Parliament�察     �because     he  has   learnt�察  �not   merely    something      of  his  own 

interest�察  �or   that   of   his   class�察  �butwhat   is   infinitely   more   importantthe 

difference between the pretender and the honest man。 

     The causes of this state of society�察�which is peculiar to Britain�察�must be 

sought far back in the ages。           It would seem that the distinction between 

;earl and churl; ��the noble and the non´noble freeman�� was crushed out in 

this   island    by  the   two   Norman      conquests´      ´that  of  the   Anglo´Saxon 

nobility by Sweyn and Canute�察�and that of the Anglo´Danish nobility by 

William   and   his   Frenchmen。         Those   two   terrible   calamities�察  �following 

each other in the short space of fifty years�察�seem to have welded together�察�

by   a   community   of   suffering�察  �all   ranks   and   races�察  �at   least   south   of   the 

Tweed�察     �and   when    the   English    rose   after  the   storm�察  �they   rose   as  one 

homogeneous   people�察  �never   to   be   governed   again   by   an   originally   alien 

race。    The English nobility were�察�from the time of Magna Charta�察�rather 

an official nobility�察�than�察�as in most continental countries�察�a separate caste�察�

and whatever caste tendencies had developed themselves before the Wars 

of   the   Roses   ��as   such   are   certain   to   do   during   centuries   of   continued 



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                                   THE ANCIEN REGIME 



wealth and power���察�were crushed out by the great revolutionary events of 

the next hundred   years。  Especially  did   the   discovery  of   the   New World�察�

the    maritime      struggle    with    Spain�察   �the   outburst    of   commerce       and 

colonisation   during   the   reigns   of   Elizabeth   and   James�察  �help   toward   this 

good result。      It was in vain   for the Lord Oxford   of the day�察�sneering   at 

Raleigh's sudden elevation�察�to complain that as on the virginals�察�so in the 

State�察 �Jacks   went up�察 �and   heads   went   down。;          The   proudest   noblemen 

were not ashamed to have their ventures on the high seas�察�and to send their 

younger sons trading�察�or buccaneering�察�under the conduct of low´born men 

like Drake�察�who ;would like to see the gentleman that would not set his 

hand to a rope�察�and hale and draw with the mariners。;                    Thus sprang up 

that    respect   for�察 �even    fondness     for�察 �severe    bodily   labour�察   �which    the 

educated   class   of   no   nation   save   our   own   has   ever   felt�察  �and   which   has 

stood them in such good stead�察�whether at home or abroad。                       Thus�察�too�察�

sprang   up   the   system   of   society   by   which   ��as   the   ballad   sets   forth��   the 

squire's son might be a ;'prentice good�察─�and marry 

       ;The bailiff's daughter dear That dwelt at Islington�察─�

       without   tarnishing�察  �as   he   would     have   done   on   the   Continent�察  �the 

scutcheon of his ancestors。          That which has saved England from a central 

despotism�察�such as crushed�察�during the eighteenth century�察�every nation on 

the Continent�察�is the very same peculiarity which makes the advent of the 

masses     to   a  share   in  political   power    safe   and   harmless�察    �namely�察   �the 

absence of caste�察�or rather ��for there is sure to be a moral fact underlying 

and causing every political fact�� the absence of that wicked pride which 

perpetuates   caste�察  �forbidding   those   to   intermarry   whom   nature   and   fact 

pronounce to be fit mates before God and man。 

     These views are not mine only。             They have been already set forth so 

much   more  forcibly  by  M。  de Tocqueville�察�that   I  should have   thought it 

unnecessary to talk about them�察�were not the rhetorical phrases�察 �Caste�察─�

;Privileged Classes�察─ �Aristocratic Exclusiveness�察─�and such´like�察�bandied 

about again just now�察�as if they represented facts。              If there remain in this 

kingdom any facts which correspond to those words�察�let them be abolished 

as speedily as possible�此        �but that such do remain was not the opinion of 

the master of modern political philosophy�察�M。 de Tocqueville。 



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     He   expresses   his   surprise   ;that   the   fact   which   distinguishes   England 

from   all   other   modern   nations�察  �and   which   alone   can   throw   light   on   her 

peculiarities�察 � 。 。 has not attracted more attention�察 � 。 。 and that habit has 

rendered      it�察 �as  it  were�察  �imperceptible      to  the   English     themselvesthat 

England was the only country in which the system of caste had been not 

only   modified�察  �but   effectually   destroyed。         The   nobility   and   the   middle 

classes followed the same business�察�embraced the same professions�察�and�察�

what is far more significant�察�intermarried with each other。                    The daughter 

of the greatest nobleman; ��and this�察�if true of the eighteenth century�察�has 

become far more true of the nineteenth�� ;could already�察�without disgrace�察�

marry a man of yesterday。; 。 。 。 

     ;It has   often   been   remarked   that   the   English   nobility  has   been   more 

prudent�察  �more   able�察  �and   less   exclusive   than   any   other。       It   would   have 

been much nearer the truth to say�察�that in England�察�for a very long   time 

past�察�no nobility�察�properly so called�察�have existed�察�if we take the word in 

the ancient and limited sense it has everywhere else retained。; 。 。 。 

     ;For   several   centuries   the   word   'gentleman';   ��he   might   have   added�察�

;burgess;�� ;has altogether changed its meaning in England�察�and the word 

'roturier' has ceased to exist。         In each succeeding century it is applied to 

persons placed somewhat lower in the social scale; ��as the ;bagman; of 

Pickwick       has   become�察    �and   has   deserved     to  become�察     �the  ;commercial 

gentleman;       of   our   day��。    ;At    length    it  travelled   with   the   English    to 

America�察�where it is used to designate every citizen indiscriminately。                       Its 

history is that of democracy itself。; 。 。 。 

     ;If   the   middle   classes   of   England�察  �instead   of   making   war   upon   the 

aristocracy�察    �have    remained      so   intimately    connected      with    it�察 �it  is  not 

especially   because   the   aristocracy   is   open   to   all�察  �but   rather�察  �because   its 

outline was indistinct�察�and its limit unknown�此                �not so much because any 

man might be admitted into it�察�as because it was impossible to say with 

certainty when he took rank there�此              �so that all who approached it might 

look   on   themselves   as   belonging   to   it�察  �might   take   part   in   its   rule�察  �and 

derive either lustre or profit from its influence。; 

     Just so�察�and therefore the middle classes of Britain�察�of whatever their 

special political party�察�are conservative in the best sense of that word。 



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                                   THE ANCIEN REGIME 



     For there are not three�察�but only two�察�classes in England�察�namely�察�rich 

and poor�此     �those who live by capital ��from the wealthiest landlord to the 

smallest      village    shopkeeper���察     �and    those    who     live   by   hand´labour。 

Whether the division between those two classes is increasing or not�察�is a 

very    serious    question。     Continued       legislation    in  favour    of  the   hand´ 

labourer�察�and a beneficence towards him�察�when in need�察�such as no other 

nation   on   earth   has   ever   shown�察  �have   done   much   to   abolish   the   moral 

division。     But the social division has surely been increased during the last 

half century�察�by the inevitable tendency�察�both in commerce and agriculture�察�

to   employ   one   large   capital�察  �where   several   small   ones   would   have   been 

employed a century ago。           The large manufactory�察�the large shop�察�the large 

estate�察  �the   large   farm�察  �swallows   up   the   small   ones。     The   yeoman�察  �the 

thrifty squatter who could   work at two   or three trades as   well as till   his 

patch of moor�察�the hand´loom weaver�察�the skilled village craftsman�察�have 

all but disappeared。        The handworker�察�finding it more and more difficult 

to invest his savings�察�has been more and more tempted to squander them。 

To    rise   to  the   dignity    of  a  capitalist�察   �however     small�察   �was   growing 

impossible to him�察�till the rise of that co´operative movement�察�which will 

do more than any social or political impulse in our day for the safety of 

English   society�察  �and   the   loyalty   of   the   English   working   classes。       And 

meanwhileere   that   movement   shall   have   spread   throughout   the   length 

and breadth of the land�察�and have been applied�察�as it surely will be some 

day�察 �not   only  to distribution�察 �not   only  to   manufacture�察  �but to   agriculture 

likewisetill   then�察  �the   best   judges   of   the   working   men's   worth   must   be 

their     employers�察     �and     especially     the    employers       of   the    northern 

manufacturing         population。      What      their   judgment      is�察 �is   sufficiently 

notorious。      Those who depend most on the working men�察�who have the 

best opportunities of knowing them�察�trust them most thoroughly。                     As long 

as great manufacturers stand forward as the political sponsors of their own 

workmen�察      �it  behoves    those 
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��