嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及4何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



seems   to   have   been the true   parent of   all   the secret societies of   Europe。 

Of   this   curious   question�察  �more   hereafter。     But   enough   has   been   said   to 

show that England�察�instead of falling�察�at any period�察�into the stagnation of 

the Ancien Regime�察�was�察�from the middle of the seventeenth century�察�in a 

state of intellectual growth and ferment which communicated itself finally 

to   the   continental     nations。    This     is  the  special    honour    of   England�察�

universally   confessed   at   the   time。     It   was   to   England   that   the   slowly´ 

awakening nations looked�察�as the source of all which was noble�察�true�察�and 

free�察�in the dawning future。 

     It   will   be   seen�察  �from   what   I   have   said�察  �that   I   consider   the   Ancien 

Regime       to   begin    in   the   seventeenth      century。      I   should     date   its 

commencementas far as that of anything so vague�察�unsystematic�察�indeed 

anarchic�察�can be definedfrom the end of the Thirty Years' War�察�and the 

peace of Westphalia in 1648。 

     For   by   that   time   the   mighty   spiritual   struggles   and   fierce   religious 

animosities of the preceding century had worn themselves out。                      And�察�as 

always happens�察�to a period of earnest excitement had succeeded one of 

weariness�察�disgust�察�half´unbelief in the many questions for which so much 

blood had been shed。          No man had come out of the battle with altogether 

clean hands�察�some not without changing sides more than once。                       The war 

had ended as one�察�not of nations�察�not even of zealots�察�but of mercenaries。 

The body of Europe had been pulled in pieces between them all�察�and the 

poor soul thereofas was to be expectedhad fled out through the gaping 

wounds。       Life�察  �mere    existence�察   �was   the   most   pressing    need。    If   men 

couldin   the   old   prophet's   wordsfind   the   life   of   their   hand�察  �they   were 



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content。   High   and   low   only   asked   to   be   let   live。    The   poor   asked   it 

slaughtered on a hundred battle´fields�察�burnt out of house and home�此�vast 

tracts    of  the   centre   of   Europe     were    lying   desert�察   �the  population      was 

diminished   for   several   generations。          The   trading   classes�察  �ruined   by   the 

long war�察�only asked to be let live�察�and make a little money。                   The nobility�察�

too�察  �only   asked   to   be   let   live。 They   had   lost�察  �in   the   long   struggle�察  �not 

only often lands and power�察�but their ablest and bravest men�察�and a weaker 

and meaner generation was left behind�察�to do the governing of the world。 

Let them live�察�and keep what they had。                 If signs of vigour still appeared 

in   France�察    �in  the   wars    of  Louis     XIV。    they   were    feverish�察   �factitious�察�

temporary        soon�察   �as   the   event    proved�察    �to   droop     into   the   general 

exhaustion。       If   wars   were   still   to   be   waged   they   were   to    be   wars   of 

succession�察      �wars   of   diplomacy�察     �not   wars    of  principle�察   �waged     for   the 

mightiest invisible interests of man。             The exhaustion was general�察�and to 

it we must attribute alike the changes and the conservatism of the Ancien 

Regime。       To it is owing that growth of a centralising despotism�察�and of 

arbitrary   regal   power�察  �which   M。   de   Tocqueville   has   set   forth   in   a   book 

which   I   shall   have   occasion   often   to   quote。       To   it   is   owing�察  �too�察  �that 

longing�察     �which    seems     to   us  childish�察   �after   ancient     forms�察   �etiquettes�察�

dignities�察    �court    costumes�察    �formalities     diplomatic�察     �legal�察  �ecclesiastical。 

Men   clung   to   them   as   to   keepsakes   of   the   pastrevered   relics   of   more 

intelligible and better´ordered times。             If the spirit had been beaten out of 

them in a century of battle�察�that was all the more reason for keeping up the 

letter。    They  had   had   a   meaning once�察  �a   life   once�察  �perhaps there   was   a 

little life left in them still�察�perhaps the dry bones would clothe themselves 

with flesh once  more�察�and stand upon   their feet。                 At least it was   useful 

that the common people should so believe。                  There was good hope that the 

simple masses�察 �seeing the old dignities   and formalities   still parading   the 

streets�察�should suppose that they still contained men�察�and were not mere 

wooden       figures�察  �dressed     artistically   in  official   costume。      And�察    �on   the 

whole�察     �that  hope    was    not   deceived。      More      than    a  century    of   bitter 

experience was needed ere the masses discovered that their ancient rulers 

were like the suits of armour in the Tower of Londonempty iron astride 

of   wooden   steeds�察  �and   armed   with   lances   which   every  ploughboy   could 



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wrest out of their hands�察�and use in his own behalf。 

     The mistake of the masses was pardonable。               For those suits of armour 

had once held living men�察�strong�察�brave�察�wise�察�men of an admirable temper�察�

doing their   work   according   to   their  light�察  �not   altogether   wellwhat   man 

does that on earth��but well enough to make themselves necessary to�察�and 

loyally followed by�察�the masses whom they ruled。                 No one can read fairly 

the ;Gesta Dei per Francos in Oriente�察─�or the deeds of the French Nobility 

in   their  wars    with   England�察   �or  those   taleshowever      legendaryof     the 

mediaeval knights�察�which form so noble an element in German literature�察�

without   seeing�察  �that   however   black   were   these   men's   occasional   crimes�察�

they   were   a   truly   noble   race�察  �the   old   Nobility   of   the   Continent�察  �a   race 

which ruled simply because�察�without them�察�there would have been naught 

but anarchy and barbarism。           To their chivalrous ideal they were too often�察�

perhaps for the most part�察�untrue�此          �but�察�partial and defective as it is�察�it is 

an ideal such as never entered into the mind of Celt or Gaul�察�Hun or Sclav�察�

one which seems continuous with the spread of the Teutonic conquerors。 

They ruled because they did practically raise the ideal of humanity in the 

countries   which   they  conquered�察  �a   whole stage   higher。         They  ceased   to 

rule when they were�察�through their own sins�察�caught up and surpassed in 

the race of progress by the classes below them。 

     But�察�even when at its best�察�their system of government had in it like 

all human inventionoriginal sin�察�an unnatural and unrighteous   element�察�

which was certain�察�sooner or later�察�to produce decay and ruin。                    The old 

Nobility of Europe was not a mere aristocracy。                 It was a caste�此      �a race 

not intermarrying with the races below it。             It was not a mere aristocracy。 

For that�察�for the supremacy of the best men�察�all societies strive�察�or profess 

to strive。    And such a true aristocracy may exist independent of caste�察�or 

the hereditary principle at all。        We may conceive an Utopia�察�governed by 

an aristocracy which should be really democratic�察�which should use�察�under 

developed   forms�察 �that   method   which   made   the   mediaeval priesthood   the 

one    great   democratic      institution   of  old   Christendom�察     �bringing    to  the 

surface   and   utilising   the   talents   and   virtues   of   all   classes�察  �even   to   the 

lowest。      We     may    conceive     an  aristocracy     choosing     out�察 �and    gladly 

receiving   into   its   own   ranks   as   equals�察  �every   youth�察  �every   maiden�察  �who 



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                                   THE ANCIEN REGIME 



was   distinguished   by   intellect�察  �virtue�察  �valour�察  �beauty�察  �without   respect   to 

rank or birth�察  �and   rejecting in   turn�察 �from  its   own ranks�察 �each   of its own 

children who fell below some lofty standard�察�and showed by weakliness�察�

dulness�察�or baseness�察�incapacity for the post of guiding and elevating their 

fellow´citizens。       Thus would arise a true aristocracy�察�a governing body of 

the really most worthythe most highly organised in body and in mind 

perpetually recruited from below�此            �from which�察�or from any other ideal�察�

we are yet a few thousand years distant。 

     But   the   old   Ancien   Regime   would   have   shuddered�察  �did   shudder�察  �at 

such a notion。       The supreme class was to keep itself pure�察�and avoid all 

taint   of   darker   blood�察  �shutting   its   eyes   to   the   fact   that   some   of   its   most 

famous   heroes   had   been   born   of   such   left´handed   marriages   as   that   of 

Robert of Normandy with the tanner's daughter of Falaise。 ;Some are so 

curious   in   this   behalf�察─  �says   quaint   old   Burton�察  �writing   about   1650�察   �as 

these old Romans�察�our modern Venetians�察�Dutch�察�and French�察�that if two 

parties dearly love�察�the one noble�察�the other ignoble�察�they may not�察�by their 

laws�察�match�察�though equal otherwise in years�察�fortunes�察�education�察�and all 

good   affection。      In   Germany�察  �except   they   can   prove   their   gentility   by 

three descents�察�they scorn to match with them。               A nobleman must marry a 

noblewoman�察�a baron�察�a baron's daughter�察�a knight�察�a knight's。                   As slaters 

sort their slates�察�do they degrees and families。; 

     And   doubtless   this   theorylike   all   which   have   held   their   ground   for 

man
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��