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the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及8何蛍
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would judge them according to their work。 And therefore�察�want of belief�察�
yea�察�utter unconsciousness�察�that they were set in their places to make the
masses below them better men�察�to impart to them their own civilisation�察�to
raise them to their own level。 They would have shrunk from that which I
just now defined as the true duty of an aristocracy�察�just because it would
have seemed to them madness to abolish themselves。 But the process of
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abolition went on�察 �nevertheless�察 �only now from without instead of from
within。 So it must always be�察�in such a case。 If a ruling class will not try
to raise the masses to their own level�察 �the masses will try to drag them
down to theirs。 That sense of justice which allowed privileges�察 �when
they were as strictly official privileges as the salary of a judge�察 �or the
immunity of a member of the House of Commons�察�when they were earned�察�
as in the Middle Age�察 �by severe education�察 �earnest labour�察 �and life and
death responsibility in peace and war�察�will demand the abolition of those
privileges�察�when no work is done in return for them�察�with a voice which
must be heard�察�for it is the voice of truth and justice。
But with that righteous voice will mingle another�察 �most wicked�察 �and
yet�察�alas� �most flattering to poor humanitythe voice of envy�察�simple and
undisguised�察 �of envy�察 �which moralists hold to be one of the basest of
human passions�察 �which can never be justified�察 �however hateful or
unworthy be the envied man。 And when a whole people�察 �or even a
majority thereof�察�shall be possessed by that�察�what is there that they will not
do�拭�
Some are surprised and puzzled when they find�察 �in the French
Revolution of 1793�察 �the noblest and the foulest characters labouring in
concert�察�and side by sideoften�察�too�察�paradoxical as it may seem�察�united in
the same personage。 The explanation is simple。 Justice inspired the one�察�
the other was the child of simple envy。 But this passion of envy�察 �if it
becomes permanent and popular�察�may avenge itself�察�like all other sins。 A
nation may say to itself�察 �Provided we have no superiors to fall our pride�察�
we are content。 Liberty is a slight matter�察�provided we have equality。 Let
us be slaves�察 �provided we are all slaves alike。; It may destroy every
standard of humanity above its own mean average�察�it may forget that the
old ruling class�察�in spite of all its defects and crimes�察�did at least pretend to
represent something higher than man's necessary wants�察�plus the greed of
amassing money�察�never meeting ��at least in the country districts�� any one
wiser or more refined than an official or a priest drawn from the peasant
class�察�it may lose the belief that any standard higher than that is needed�察�
and�察 �all but forgetting the very existence of civilisation�察 �sink contented
into a dead level of intellectual mediocrity and moral barbarism�察 �crying�察�
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;Let us eat and drink�察�for to´morrow we die。;
A nation in such a temper will surely be taken at its word。 Where the
carcase is�察�there the eagles will be gathered together�察�and there will not be
wanting to such nationsas there were not wanting in old Greece and
Romedespots who will give them all they want�察 �and more�察 �and say to
them�此 �Yes�察�you shall eat and drink�察�and yet you shall not die。 For I�察�
while I take care of your mortal bodies�察�will see that care is taken of your
immortal souls。;
For there are those who have discovered�察�with the kings of the Holy
Alliance�察�that infidelity and scepticism are political mistakes�察�not so much
because they promote vice�察�as because they promote ��or are supposed to
promote�� free thought�察�who see that religion ��no matter of what quality�� is
a most valuable assistant to the duties of a minister of police。 They will
quote in their own behalf Montesquieu's opinion that religion is a column
necessary to sustain the social edifice�察�they will quote�察�too�察�that sound and
true saying of De Tocqueville's�此 。�1�� ;If the first American who might be
met�察�either in his own country�察�or abroad�察�were to be stopped and asked
whether he considered religion useful to the stability of the laws and the
good order of society�察 �he would answer�察 �without hesitation�察 �that no
civilised society�察�but more especially none in a state of freedom�察�can exist
without religion。 Respect for religion is�察 �in his eyes�察 �the greatest
guarantee of the stability of the State�察�and of the safety of the community。
Those who are ignorant of the science of government�察 �know that fact at
least。;
M。 de Tocqueville�察�when he wrote these words�察�was lamenting that in
France�察 �freedom was forsaken�察─ �a thing for which it is said that no one
any longer cares in France。; He did not�察�it seems to me�察�perceive that�察�as
in America the best guarantee of freedom is the reverence for a religion or
religions�察�which are free themselves�察�and which teach men to be free�察�so in
other countries the best guarantee of slavery is�察 �reverence for religions
which are not free�察�and which teach men to be slaves。
But what M。 de Tocqueville did not see�察�there are others who will see�察�
who will say�此 �If religion be the pillar of political and social order�察�there
is an order which is best supported by a religion which is adverse to free
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thought�察�free speech�察�free conscience�察�free communion between man and
God。 The more enervating the superstition�察 �the more exacting and
tyrannous its priesthood�察�the more it will do our work�察�if we help it to do
its own。 If it permit us to enslave the body�察�we will permit it to enslave
the soul。;
And so may be inaugurated a period of that organised anarchy of
which the poet says�此�
It is not life�察�but death�察�when nothing stirs。
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LECTURE II
CENTRALISATION
The degradation of the European nobility caused�察 �of course�察 �the
increase of the kingly power�察�and opened the way to central despotisms。
The bourgeoisie�察�the commercial middle class�察�whatever were its virtues�察�
its value�察�its real courage�察�were never able to stand alone against the kings。
Their capital�察 �being invested in trade�察 �was necessarily subject to such
sudden dangers from war�察�political change�察�bad seasons�察�and so forth�察�that
its holders�察 �however individually brave�察 �were timid as a class。 They
could never hold out on strike against the governments�察�and had to submit
to the powers that were�察�whatever they were�察�under penalty of ruin。
But on the Continent�察�and especially in France and Germany�察�unable to
strengthen itself by intermarriage with the noblesse�察 �they retained that
timidity which is the fruit of the insecurity of trade�察�and had to submit to a
more and more centralised despotism�察�and grow up as they could�察�in the
face of exasperating hindrances to wealth�察�to education�察�to the possession�察�
in many parts of France�察�of large landed estates�察�leaving the noblesse to
decay in isolated uselessness and weakness�察�and in many cases debt and
poverty。
The systemor rather anarchyaccording to which France was
governed during this transitional period�察�may be read in that work of M。 de
Tocqueville's which I have already quoted�察�and which is accessible to all
classes�察 �through Mr。 H。 Reeve's excellent translation。 Every student of
history is�察 �of course�察 �well acquainted with that book。 But as there is
reason to fear�察�from language which is becoming once more too common�察�
both in speech and writing�察�that the general public either do not know it�察�or
have not understood it�察�I shall take the liberty of quoting from it somewhat
largely。 I am justified in so doing by the fact that M。 de Tocqueville's
book is founded on researches into the French Archives�察�which have been
made ��as far as I am aware�� only by him�察 �and contains innumerable
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significant facts�察�which are to be found ��as far as I am aware�� in no other
accessible work。
The French peoplesays M。 de Tocquevillemade�察 �in 1789�察 �the
greatest effort which was ever made by any nation to cut�察�so to speak�察�their
destiny in halves�察 �and to separate by an abyss that which they had
heretofore been�察 �from that which they sought to become hereafter。 But
he had long thought that they had succeeded in this singular attempt much
less than was supposed abroad�察 �and less than they had at first supposed
themselv
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