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the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及7何蛍
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of a despot�察 �and that�察 �as M。 de Tocqueville says�此 �In feudal times�察 �the
Nobility were regarded pretty much as the government is regarded in our
own�察 �the burdens they imposed were endured in consequence of the
security they afforded。 The nobles had many irksome privileges�察 �they
possessed many onerous rights�此 �but they maintained public order�察 �they
administered justice�察�they caused the law to be executed�察�they came to the
relief of the weak�察 �they conducted the business of the community。 In
proportion as they ceased to do these things�察�the burden of their privileges
appeared more oppressive�察 �and their existence became an anomaly in
proportion as they ceased to do these things。; And the Ancien Regime
may be defined as the period in which they ceased to do these thingsin
which they began to play the idlers�察�and expected to take their old wages
without doing their old work。
But in any case�察 �government by a ruling caste�察 �whether of the
patriarchal or of the feudal kind�察�is no ideal or permanent state of society。
So far from it�察�it is but the first or second step out of primeval savagery。
For the more a ruling race becomes conscious of its own duty�察 �and not
merely of its own powerthe more it learns to regard its peculiar gifts as
entrusted to it for the good of menso much the more earnestly will it
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THE ANCIEN REGIME
labour to raise the masses below to its own level�察�by imparting to them its
own light�察�and so will it continually tend to abolish itself�察�by producing a
general equality�察�moral and intellectual�察�and fulfil that law of self´sacrifice
which is the beginning and the end of all virtue。
A race of noblest men and women�察�trying to make all below them as
noble as themselvesthat is at least a fair ideal�察�tending toward�察�though it
has not reached�察�the highest ideal of all。
But suppose that the very opposite tendencyinherent in the heart of
every child of manshould conquer。 Suppose the ruling caste no longer
the physical�察�intellectual�察�and moral superiors of the mass�察�but their equals。
Suppose themshameful�察 �but not without example actually sunk to be
their inferiors。 And that such a fall did come´ ´nay�察 �that it must have
comeis matter of history。 And its cause�察�like all social causes�察�was not a
political nor a physical�察�but a moral cause。 The profligacy of the French
and Italian aristocracies�察�in the sixteenth century�察�avenged itself on them
by a curse ��derived from the newly´discovered America�� from which they
never recovered。 The Spanish aristocracy suffered�察 �I doubt not very
severely。 The English and German�察�owing to the superior homeliness and
purity of ruling their lives�察 �hardly at all。 But the continental caste�察�
instead of recruiting their tainted blood by healthy blood from below�察�did
all�察 �under pretence of keeping it pure�察 �to keep it tainted by continual
intermarriage�察 �and paid�察 �in increasing weakness of body and mind�察 �the
penalty of their exclusive pride。 It is impossible for anyone who reads
the French memoirs of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries�察 �not to
perceive�察�if he be wise�察�that the aristocracy therein depicted was ripe for
ruinyea�察 �already ruinedunder any form of government whatsoever�察�
independent of all political changes。 Indeed�察 �many of the political
changes were not the causes but the effects of the demoralisation of the
noblesse。 Historians will tell you how�察�as early as the beginning of the
seventeenth century�察�Henry IV。 complained that the nobles were quitting
their country districts�察 �how succeeding kings and statesmen�察 �notably
Richelieu and Louis XIV。�察 �tempted the noblesse up to Paris�察 �that they
might become mere courtiers�察�instead of powerful country gentlemen�察�how
those who remained behind were only the poor hobereaux�察 �little hobby´
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THE ANCIEN REGIME
hawks among the gentry�察 �who considered it degradation to help in
governing the parish�察 �as their forefathers had governed it�察 �and lived
shabbily in their chateaux�察�grinding the last farthing out of their tenants�察�
that they might spend it in town during the winter。 No wonder that with
such an aristocracy�察 �who had renounced that very duty of governing the
country�察�for which alone they and their forefathers had existed�察�there arose
government by intendants and sub´delegates�察 �and all the other evils of
administrative centralisation�察 �which M。 de Tocqueville anatomises and
deplores。 But what was the cause of the curse�拭 �Their moral
degradation。 What drew them up to Paris save vanity and profligacy�拭�
What kept them from intermarrying with the middle class save pride�拭�
What made them give up the office of governors save idleness�拭 �And if
vanity�察 �profligacy�察 �pride�察 �and idleness be not injustices and moral vices�察�
what are�拭�
The race of heroic knights and nobles who fought under the walls of
Jerusalemwho wrestled�察 �and not in vain�察 �for centuries with the equally
heroic English�察�in defence of their native soilwho had set to all Europe
the example of all knightly virtues�察 �had rotted down to this�察 �their only
virtue left�察�as Mr。 Carlyle says�察�beinga perfect readiness to fight duels。
Every Intendant�察�chosen by the Comptroller´General out of the lower´
born members of the Council of State�察�a needy young plebeian with his
fortune to make�察�and a stranger to the province�察�was�察�in spite of his greed�察�
ambition�察�chicane�察�arbitrary tyranny�察�a better man abler�察�more energetic�察�
and often�察 �to judge from the pages of De Tocqueville�察 �with far more
sympathy and mercy for the wretched peasantrythan was the count or
marquis in the chateau above�察�who looked down on him as a roturier�察�and
let him nevertheless become first his deputy�察�and then his master。
Understand meI am not speaking against the hereditary principle of
the Ancien Regime�察 �but against its caste principletwo widely different
elements�察�continually confounded nowadays。
The hereditary principle is good�察 �because it is founded on fact and
nature。 If men's minds come into the world blank sheets of paper which
I much doubtevery other part and faculty of them comes in stamped with
hereditary tendencies and peculiarities。 There are such things as
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transmitted capabilities for good and for evil�察 �and as surely as the
offspring of a good horse or dog is likely to be good�察�so is the offspring of
a good man�察 �and still more of a good woman。 If the parents have any
special ability�察�their children will probably inherit it�察�at least in part�察�and
over and above�察�will have it developed in them by an education worthy of
their parents and themselves。 If man werewhat he is nota healthy and
normal species�察�a permanent hereditary caste might go on intermarrying�察�
and so perpetuate itself。 But the same moral reason which would make
such a caste dangerousindeed�察 �fatal to the liberty and development of
mankind�察 �makes it happily impossible。 Crimes and follies are certain�察�
after a few generations�察 �to weaken the powers of any human caste�察 �and
unless it supplements its own weakness by mingling again with the
common stock of humanity�察 �it must sink under that weakness�察 �as the
ancient noblesse sank by its own vice。 Of course there were exceptions。
The French Revolution brought those exceptions out into strong light�察�and
like every day of judgment�察�divided between the good and the evil。 But it
lies not in exceptions to save a caste�察 �or an institution�察 �and a few
Richelieus�察�Liancourts�察�Rochefoucaulds�察�Noailles�察�Lafayettes were but the
storks among the cranes involved in the wholesale doom due not to each
individual�察�but to a system and a class。
Profligacy�察�pride�察�idlenessthese are the vices which we have to lay to
the charge of the Teutonic Nobility of the Ancien Regime in France
especially�察�and ��though in a less degree perhaps�� over the whole continent
of Europe。 But below them�察 �and perhaps the cause of them all�察 �lay
another and deeper vicegodlessnessatheism。
I do not mean merely want of religion�察 �doctrinal unbelief。 I mean
want of belief in duty�察�in responsibility。 Want of belief that there was a
living God governing the universe�察 �who had set them their work�察 �and
would judge them according to their work。 And therefore�察�want of belief�察�
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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