嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及7何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



of   a   despot�察  �and   that�察  �as   M。   de Tocqueville   says�此    �In   feudal   times�察  �the 

Nobility were regarded pretty much as the government is regarded in our 

own�察    �the   burdens     they   imposed     were    endured     in   consequence       of  the 

security   they   afforded。       The   nobles   had   many   irksome   privileges�察  �they 

possessed   many   onerous   rights�此  �but   they   maintained   public   order�察  �they 

administered justice�察�they caused the law to be executed�察�they came to the 

relief   of   the   weak�察  �they   conducted   the   business   of   the   community。        In 

proportion as they ceased to do these things�察�the burden of their privileges 

appeared      more    oppressive�察     �and   their  existence     became     an   anomaly     in 

proportion as they ceased to do these things。;                  And the Ancien Regime 

may be defined as the period in which they ceased to do these thingsin 

which they began to play the idlers�察�and expected to take their old wages 

without doing their old work。 

     But    in   any   case�察   �government       by   a  ruling    caste�察  �whether     of   the 

patriarchal or of the feudal kind�察�is no ideal or permanent state of society。 

So far from it�察�it is but the first or second step out of primeval savagery。 

For   the   more   a   ruling   race   becomes   conscious   of   its   own   duty�察  �and   not 

merely of its own powerthe more it learns to regard its peculiar gifts as 

entrusted   to   it   for   the   good   of   menso   much   the   more   earnestly   will   it 



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labour to raise the masses below to its own level�察�by imparting to them its 

own light�察�and so will it continually tend to abolish itself�察�by producing a 

general equality�察�moral and intellectual�察�and fulfil that law of self´sacrifice 

which is the beginning and the end of all virtue。 

     A race of noblest men and women�察�trying to make all below them as 

noble as themselvesthat is at least a fair ideal�察�tending toward�察�though it 

has not reached�察�the highest ideal of all。 

     But suppose that the very opposite tendencyinherent in the heart of 

every child of manshould conquer。               Suppose the ruling caste no longer 

the physical�察�intellectual�察�and moral superiors of the mass�察�but their equals。 

Suppose   themshameful�察  �but   not   without   example   actually   sunk   to   be 

their   inferiors。    And   that   such   a   fall   did   come´   ´nay�察  �that   it   must   have 

comeis matter of history。         And its cause�察�like all social causes�察�was not a 

political nor a physical�察�but a moral cause。             The profligacy of the French 

and Italian aristocracies�察�in the sixteenth century�察�avenged itself on them 

by a curse ��derived from the newly´discovered America�� from which they 

never     recovered。     The     Spanish    aristocracy    suffered�察   �I  doubt    not  very 

severely。     The English and German�察�owing to the superior homeliness and 

purity    of  ruling    their  lives�察 �hardly    at  all。  But     the  continental     caste�察�

instead of recruiting their tainted blood by healthy blood from below�察�did 

all�察  �under   pretence   of   keeping   it   pure�察  �to   keep   it   tainted   by   continual 

intermarriage�察  �and   paid�察  �in   increasing   weakness   of   body   and   mind�察  �the 

penalty  of   their   exclusive pride。      It   is impossible  for anyone   who   reads 

the   French   memoirs   of   the   sixteenth   and   seventeenth   centuries�察  �not   to 

perceive�察�if he be wise�察�that the aristocracy therein depicted was ripe for 

ruinyea�察    �already    ruinedunder      any   form    of  government       whatsoever�察�

independent       of   all  political   changes。     Indeed�察     �many    of   the   political 

changes were not the  causes but the  effects   of the  demoralisation   of  the 

noblesse。      Historians will tell you how�察�as early as the beginning of the 

seventeenth century�察�Henry  IV。 complained that   the nobles were  quitting 

their    country    districts�察  �how    succeeding      kings   and   statesmen�察    �notably 

Richelieu   and   Louis   XIV。�察  �tempted   the   noblesse   up   to   Paris�察  �that   they 

might become mere courtiers�察�instead of powerful country gentlemen�察�how 

those  who   remained   behind   were   only  the   poor   hobereaux�察 �little   hobby´ 



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hawks      among      the   gentry�察  �who     considered      it  degradation     to   help   in 

governing       the   parish�察  �as  their   forefathers     had   governed      it�察 �and   lived 

shabbily in their chateaux�察�grinding the last farthing out of their tenants�察�

that they might spend it in town during the winter。                  No wonder that with 

such an   aristocracy�察 �who   had   renounced that very  duty  of   governing  the 

country�察�for which alone they and their forefathers had existed�察�there arose 

government   by   intendants   and   sub´delegates�察  �and   all   the   other   evils   of 

administrative   centralisation�察  �which   M。          de   Tocqueville   anatomises        and 

deplores。       But     what     was    the    cause    of   the   curse�拭     �Their     moral 

degradation。        What   drew   them   up   to   Paris   save   vanity   and   profligacy�拭�

What   kept   them   from   intermarrying   with   the   middle   class   save   pride�拭�

What made them give up the office of governors save idleness�拭                         �And if 

vanity�察  �profligacy�察  �pride�察  �and   idleness   be   not   injustices   and   moral   vices�察�

what are�拭�

     The race of heroic knights and nobles who fought under the walls of 

Jerusalemwho   wrestled�察 �and   not in vain�察 �for   centuries   with   the   equally 

heroic English�察�in defence of their native soilwho had set to all Europe 

the   example   of   all   knightly   virtues�察  �had   rotted   down   to   this�察  �their   only 

virtue left�察�as Mr。 Carlyle says�察�beinga perfect readiness to fight duels。 

     Every Intendant�察�chosen by the Comptroller´General out of the lower´ 

born members   of   the   Council of   State�察�a   needy  young   plebeian   with   his 

fortune to make�察�and a stranger to the province�察�was�察�in spite of his greed�察�

ambition�察�chicane�察�arbitrary tyranny�察�a better man abler�察�more energetic�察�

and   often�察  �to   judge   from   the   pages   of   De   Tocqueville�察  �with   far   more 

sympathy   and   mercy   for   the   wretched   peasantrythan   was   the   count   or 

marquis in the chateau above�察�who looked down on him as a roturier�察�and 

let him nevertheless become first his deputy�察�and then his master。 

     Understand meI am not speaking against the hereditary principle of 

the Ancien   Regime�察  �but   against   its   caste   principletwo   widely   different 

elements�察�continually confounded nowadays。 

     The   hereditary   principle   is   good�察  �because   it   is   founded   on   fact   and 

nature。     If men's minds come into the world blank sheets of paper which 

I much doubtevery other part and faculty of them comes in stamped with 

hereditary      tendencies      and    peculiarities。      There      are   such    things    as 



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                                   THE ANCIEN REGIME 



transmitted      capabilities    for   good    and   for   evil�察 �and    as  surely    as  the 

offspring of a good horse or dog is likely to be good�察�so is the offspring of 

a  good   man�察  �and   still   more   of   a   good   woman。    If   the   parents   have   any 

special ability�察�their children will probably inherit it�察�at least in part�察�and 

over and above�察�will have it developed in them by an education worthy of 

their parents and themselves。           If man werewhat he is nota healthy and 

normal species�察�a permanent hereditary caste might go on intermarrying�察�

and so perpetuate itself。         But the same moral reason which would make 

such   a   caste   dangerousindeed�察  �fatal   to   the   liberty   and   development   of 

mankind�察  �makes   it   happily   impossible。         Crimes   and   follies   are   certain�察�

after   a   few   generations�察  �to   weaken   the   powers   of   any   human   caste�察  �and 

unless     it  supplements      its  own    weakness     by   mingling     again    with   the 

common        stock   of   humanity�察  �it   must   sink   under   that   weakness�察  �as    the 

ancient noblesse sank by its own vice。              Of course there were exceptions。 

The French Revolution brought those exceptions out into strong light�察�and 

like every day of judgment�察�divided between the good and the evil。                     But it 

lies   not   in  exceptions      to  save   a  caste�察  �or   an  institution�察   �and   a  few 

Richelieus�察�Liancourts�察�Rochefoucaulds�察�Noailles�察�Lafayettes were but the 

storks among the cranes involved in the wholesale doom due not to each 

individual�察�but to a system and a class。 

     Profligacy�察�pride�察�idlenessthese are the vices which we have to lay to 

the    charge    of  the  Teutonic     Nobility   of   the  Ancien     Regime     in  France 

especially�察�and ��though in a less degree perhaps�� over the whole continent 

of   Europe。     But     below    them�察  �and   perhaps     the  cause    of  them   all�察 �lay 

another and deeper vicegodlessnessatheism。 

     I   do   not   mean   merely   want   of   religion�察  �doctrinal   unbelief。    I   mean 

want of belief in duty�察�in responsibility。            Want of belief that there was a 

living   God   governing   the   universe�察  �who   had   set   them   their   work�察  �and 

would judge them according to their work。                And therefore�察�want of belief�察�

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��