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A Theologico´Political Treatise
A Theologico´Political
Treatise
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A Theologico´Political Treatise
Part 1 ´ Chapters I to V
Baruch Spinoza
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A Theologico´Political Treatise
PREFACE。
��1��Men would never be superstitious�察 �if they could govern all their
circumstances by set rules�察�or if they were always favoured by fortune�此�but
being frequently driven into straits where rules are useless�察�and being often
kept fluctuating pitiably between hope and fear by the uncertainty of
fortune's greedily coveted favours�察�they are consequently�察�for the most part�察�
very prone to credulity。 ��2�� The human mind is readily swayed this way or
that in times of doubt�察�especially when hope and fear are struggling for the
mastery�察�though usually it is boastful�察�over ´ confident�察�and vain。
��3�� This as a general fact I suppose everyone knows�察 �though few�察 �I
believe�察 �know their own nature�察 �no one can have lived in the world
without observing that most people�察 �when in prosperity�察 �are so over´
brimming with wisdom ��however inexperienced they may be���察 �that they
take every offer of advice as a personal insult�察�whereas in adversity they
know not where to turn�察�but beg and pray for counsel from every passer´by。
��4�� No plan is then too futile�察�too absurd�察�or too fatuous for their adoption�察�
the most frivolous causes will raise them to hope�察 �or plunge them into
despair ´ if anything happens during their fright which reminds them of
some past good or ill�察�they think it portends a happy or unhappy issue�察�and
therefore ��though it may have proved abortive a hundred times before��
style it a lucky or unlucky omen。 ��5�� Anything which excites their
astonishment they believe to be a portent signifying the anger of the gods
or of the Supreme Being�察�and�察�mistaking superstition for religion�察�account
it impious not to avert the evil with prayer and sacrifice。 ��6�� Signs and
wonders of this sort they conjure up perpetually�察 �till one might think
Nature as mad as themselves�察�they interpret her so fantastically。
��7�� Thus it is brought prominently before us�察�that superstition's chief
victims are those persons who greedily covet temporal advantages�察�they it
is�察�who ��especially when they are in danger�察�and cannot help themselves��
are wont with Prayers and womanish tears to implore help from God�此�
upbraiding Reason as blind�察�because she cannot show a sure path to the
shadows they pursue�察�and rejecting human wisdom as vain�察�but believing
the phantoms of imagination�察�dreams�察�and other childish absurdities�察�to be
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the very oracles of Heaven。 ��8�� As though God had turned away from the
wise�察�and written His decrees�察�not in the mind of man but in the entrails of
beasts�察 �or left them to be proclaimed by the inspiration and instinct of
fools�察�madmen�察�and birds。 Such is the unreason to which terror can drive
mankind� �
��9�� Superstition�察�then�察�is engendered�察�preserved�察�and fostered by fear。 If
anyone desire an example�察 �let him take Alexander�察 �who only began
superstitiously to seek guidance from seers�察 �when he first learnt to fear
fortune in the passes of Sysis ��Curtius�察 �v。 4���察 �whereas after he had
conquered Darius he consulted prophets no more�察 �till a second time
frightened by reverses。 ��10�� When the Scythians were provoking a battle�察�
the Bactrians had deserted�察�and he himself was lying sick of his wounds�察�
;he once more turned to superstition�察�the mockery of human wisdom�察�and
bade Aristander�察 �to whom he confided his credulity�察 �inquire the issue of
affairs with sacrificed victims。; ��11�� Very numerous examples of a like
nature might be cited�察�clearly showing the fact�察�that only while under the
dominion of fear do men fall a prey to superstition�察�that all the portents
ever invested with the reverence of misguided religion are mere phantoms
of dejected and fearful minds�察�and lastly�察�that prophets have most power
among the people�察 �and are most formidable to rulers�察 �precisely at those
times when the state is in most peril。 ��12�� I think this is sufficiently plain
to all�察�and will therefore say no more on the subject。
��13�� The origin of superstition above given affords us a clear reason
for the fact�察�that it comes to all men naturally�察�though some refer its rise to
a dim notion of God�察�universal to mankind�察�and also tends to show�察�that it
is no less inconsistent and variable than other mental hallucinations and
emotional impulses�察 �and further that it can only be maintained by hope�察�
hatred�察�anger�察�and deceit�察�since it springs�察�not from reason�察�but solely from
the more powerful phases of emotion。 ��14�� Furthermore�察�we may readily
understand how difficult it is�察�to maintain in the same course men prone to
every form of credulity。 ��15�� For�察�as the mass of mankind remains always
at about the same pitch of misery�察�it never assents long to any one remedy�察�
but is always best pleased by a novelty which has not yet proved illusive。
��16�� This element of inconsistency has been the cause of many terrible
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wars and revolutions�察 �for�察 �as Curtius well says ��lib。 iv。 chap。 10���此 �The
mob has no ruler more potent than superstition�察─�and is easily led�察�on the
plea of religion�察 �at one moment to adore its kings as gods�察 �and anon to
execrate and abjure them as humanity's common bane。 ��17�� Immense
pains have therefore been taken to counteract this evil by investing
religion�察�whether true or false�察�with such pomp and ceremony�察�that it may�察�
rise superior to every shock�察 �and be always observed with studious
reverence by the whole people ´ a system which has been brought to great
perfection by the Turks�察�for they consider even controversy impious�察�and
so clog men's minds with dogmatic formulas�察�that they leave no room for
sound reason�察�not even enough to doubt with。
��18�� But if�察�in despotic statecraft�察�the supreme and essential mystery be
to hoodwink the subjects�察�and to mask the fear�察�which keeps them clown�察�
with the specious garb of religion�察�so that men may fight as bravely for
slavery as for safety�察 �and count it not shame but highest honour to risk
their blood and their lives for the vainglory of a tyrant�察�yet in a free state
no more mischievous expedient could be planned or attempted。 ��19��
Wholly repugnant to the general freedom are such devices as enthralling
men's minds with prejudices�察�forcing their judgment�察�or employing any of
the weapons of quasi´religious sedition�察�indeed�察�such seditions only spring
up�察�when law enters the domain of speculative thought�察�and opinions are
put on trial and condemned on the same footing as crimes�察 �while those
who defend and follow them are sacrificed�察 �not to public safety�察 �but to
their opponents' hatred and cruelty。 ��20�� If deeds only could be made the
grounds of criminal charges�察�and words were always allowed to pass free�察�
such seditions would be divested of every semblance of justification�察�and
would be separated from mere controversies by a hard and fast line。
��20�� Now�察 �seeing that we have the rare happiness of living in a
republic�察�where everyone's judgment is free and unshackled�察�where each
may worship God as his conscience dictates�察 �and where freedom is
esteemed before all things dear and precious�察�I have believed that I should
be undertaking no ungrateful or unprofitable task�察 �in demonstrating that
not only can such freedom be granted without prejudice to the public
peace�察�but also�察�that without such freedom�察�piety cannot flourish nor the
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public peace be secure。
��21�� Such is the chief conclusion I seek to establish in this treatise�察�but�察�
in order to reach it�察�I must first point out the misconceptions which�察�like
scars of our former bondage�察 �still disfigure our notion of religion�察 �and
must expose the false views about the civil authority which many have
most impudently advocated�察�endeavouring to turn the mind of the people�察�
still prone to heathen superstition�察�away from its legitimate rulers�察�and so
bring us again into slavery。 ��22�� As to the order of my treatise I will speak
presently�察�but first I will recount the causes which led me to write。
��23�� I have often wondered�察 �that persons who make a boast of
professing the Christian religion�察 �namely�察 �love�察 �joy�察 �peace�察 �temperance�察�
and charity to all men�察�should quarrel with such rancorous animosity�察�
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