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authority�察�but their own free consent。 ��49�� The reverse happens when the
sovereign power is vested in one man�察 �for all act at his bidding�察 �and�察�
therefore�察 �unless they had been trained from the first to depend on the
words of their ruler�察�the latter would find it difficult�察�in case of need�察�to
abrogate liberties once conceded�察�and impose new laws。
��50�� From these universal considerations�察 �let us pass on to the
kingdom of the Jews。 ��51�� The Jews when they first came out of Egypt
were not bound by any national laws�察�and were therefore free to ratify any
laws they liked�察 �or to make new ones�察 �and were at liberty to set up a
government and occupy a territory wherever they chose。 ��52�� However�察�
they�察 �were entirely unfit to frame a wise code of laws and to keep the
sovereign power vested in the community�察�they were all uncultivated and
sunk in a wretched slavery�察�therefore the sovereignty was bound to remain
vested in the hands of one man who would rule the rest and keep them
under constraint�察�make laws and interpret them。 ��53�� This sovereignty was
easily retained by Moses�察 �because he surpassed the rest in virtue and
persuaded the people of the fact�察�proving it by many testimonies ��see Exod。
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chap。 xiv。�察�last verse�察�and chap。 xix��9��。 ��54�� He then�察�by the Divine virtue
he possessed�察 �made laws and ordained them for the people�察 �taking the
greatest care that they should be obeyed willingly and not through fear�察�
being specially induced to adopt this course by the obstinate nature of the
Jews�察�who would not have submitted to be ruled solely by constraint�察�and
also by the imminence of war�察 �for it is always better to inspire soldiers
with a thirst for glory than to terrify them with threats�察�each man will then
strive to distinguish himself by valour and courage�察 �instead of merely
trying to escape punishment。 ��55�� Moses�察�therefore�察�by his virtue and the
Divine command�察�introduced a religion�察�so that the people might do their
duty from devotion rather than fear。 ��56�� Further�察�he bound them over by
benefits�察�and prophesied many advantages in the future�察�nor were his laws
very severe�察�as anyone may see for himself�察�especially if he remarks the
number of circumstances necessary in order to procure the conviction of
an accused person。
��57�� Lastly�察 �in order that the people which could not govern itself
should be entirely dependent on its ruler�察�he left nothing to the free choice
of individuals ��who had hitherto been slaves���察�the people could do nothing
but remember the law�察 �and follow the ordinances laid down at the good
pleasure of their ruler�察�they were not allowed to plough�察�to sow�察�to reap�察�
nor even to eat�察�to clothe themselves�察�to shave�察�to rejoice�察�or in fact to do
anything whatever as they liked�察�but were bound to follow the directions
given in the law�察�and not only this�察�but they were obliged to have marks on
their door´posts�察�on their hands�察�and between their eyes to admonish them
to perpetual obedience。 ��58�� This�察�then�察�was the object of the ceremonial
law�察�that men should do nothing of their own free will�察�but should always
act under external authority�察 �and should continually confess by their
actions and thoughts that they were not their own masters�察 �but were
entirely under the control of others。
��59�� From all these considerations it is clearer than day that
ceremonies have nothing to do with a state of blessedness�察�and that those
mentioned in the Old Testament�察�i。e。 the whole Mosaic Law�察�had reference
merely to the government of the Jews�察�and merely temporal advantages。
��60�� As for the Christian rites�察 �such as baptism�察 �the Lord's Supper�察�
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festivals�察�public prayers�察�and any other observances which are�察�and always
have been�察�common to all Christendom�察�if they were instituted by Christ or
His Apostles ��which is open to doubt���察 �they were instituted as external
signs of the universal church�察 �and not as having anything to do with
blessedness�察 �or possessing any sanctity in themselves。 ��61�� Therefore�察�
though such ceremonies were not ordained for the sake of upholding a
government�察 �they were ordained for the preservation of a society�察 �and
accordingly he who lives alone is not bound by them�此�nay�察�those who live
in a country where the Christian religion is forbidden�察�are bound to abstain
from such rites�察�and can none the less live in a state of blessedness。 ��62��
We have an example of this in Japan�察 �where the Christian religion is
forbidden�察�and the Dutch who live there are enjoined by their East India
Company not to practise any outward rites of religion。 ��63�� I need not cite
other examples�察 �though it would be easy to prove my point from the
fundamental principles of the New Testament�察 �and to adduce many
confirmatory instances�察�but I pass on the more willingly�察�as I am anxious
to proceed to my next proposition。 ��64�� I will now�察�therefore�察�pass on to
what I proposed to treat of in the second part of this chapter�察�namely�察�what
persons are bound to believe in the narratives contained in Scripture�察�and
how far they are so bound。 ��65�� Examining this question by the aid of
natural reason�察�I will proceed as follows。
��66�� If anyone wishes to persuade his fellows for or against anything
which is not self´evident�察 �he must deduce his contention from their
admissions�察 �and convince them either by experience or by ratiocination�察�
either by appealing to facts of natural experience�察 �or to self´evident
intellectual axioms。 ��67�� Now unless the experience be of such a kind as to
be clearly and distinctly understood�察�though it may convince a man�察�it will
not have the same effect on his mind and disperse the clouds of his doubt
so completely as when the doctrine taught is deduced entirely from
intellectual axioms ´ that is�察�by the mere power of the understanding and
logical order�察�and this is especially the case in spiritual matters which have
nothing to do with the senses。
��68�� But the deduction of conclusions from general truths 。 priori�察�
usually requires a long chain of arguments�察 �and�察 �moreover�察 �very great
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caution�察 �acuteness�察 �and self´restraint ´ qualities which are not often met
with�察�therefore people prefer to be taught by experience rather than deduce
their conclusion from a few axioms�察�and set them out in logical order。 ��69��
Whence it follows�察 �that if anyone wishes to teach a doctrine to a whole
nation ��not to speak of the whole human race���察�and to be understood by all
men in every particular�察 �he will seek to support his teaching with
experience�察�and will endeavour to suit his reasonings and the definitions of
his doctrines as far as possible to the understanding of the common people�察�
who form the majority of mankind�察 �and he will not set them forth in
logical sequence nor adduce the definitions which serve to establish them。
��70�� Otherwise he writes only for the learned ´ that is�察 �he will be
understood by only a small proportion of the human race。
��71�� All Scripture was written primarily for an entire people�察 �and
secondarily for the whole human race�察 �therefore its contents must
necessarily be adapted as far as possible to the understanding of the
masses�察 �and proved only by examples drawn from experience。 ��72�� We
will explain ourselves more clearly。 ��73�� The chief speculative doctrines
taught in Scripture are the existence of God�察 �or a Being Who made all
things�察�and Who directs and sustains the world with consummate wisdom�察�
furthermore�察�that God takes the greatest thought for men�察�or such of them
as live piously and honourably�察�while He punishes�察�with various penalties�察�
those who do evil�察�separating them from the good。 ��74�� All this is proved
in Scripture entirely through experience´that is�察 �through the narratives
there related。 ��75�� No definitions of doctrine are given�察�but all the sayings
and reasonings are adapted to the understanding of the masses。 ��76��
Although experience can give no clear knowledge of these things�察 �nor
explain the nature of God�察�nor how He directs and sustains all things�察�it
can nevertheless teach and enlighten men sufficiently to impress
obedience and devotion on their minds。
��77�� It is now�察 �I think�察 �sufficiently clear what persons are bound to
believe in the Scripture narratives�察�and in what degree they are so bound�察�
for it evidently follows from what has
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