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theologico-political treatise p1(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢1)-及20何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



authority�察�but their own free consent。 ��49�� The reverse happens when the 

sovereign   power   is   vested   in   one   man�察  �for   all   act   at   his   bidding�察  �and�察�

therefore�察  �unless   they   had   been   trained   from   the   first   to   depend   on   the 

words of their ruler�察�the latter would find it difficult�察�in case of need�察�to 

abrogate liberties once conceded�察�and impose new laws。 

     ��50��     From     these    universal     considerations�察     �let   us   pass    on   to  the 

kingdom  of   the   Jews。   ��51�� The   Jews   when   they  first   came   out of   Egypt 

were not bound by any national laws�察�and were therefore free to ratify any 

laws   they   liked�察  �or   to   make   new   ones�察  �and   were   at   liberty   to   set   up   a 

government   and   occupy   a   territory   wherever   they   chose。   ��52��   However�察�

they�察  �were   entirely   unfit   to   frame   a   wise   code   of   laws   and   to   keep   the 

sovereign power vested in the community�察�they were all uncultivated and 

sunk in a wretched slavery�察�therefore the sovereignty was bound to remain 

vested   in   the   hands   of   one   man   who   would   rule the   rest   and keep   them 

under constraint�察�make laws and interpret them。 ��53�� This sovereignty was 

easily   retained   by   Moses�察  �because   he   surpassed   the   rest   in   virtue   and 

persuaded the people of the fact�察�proving it by many testimonies ��see Exod。 



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chap。 xiv。�察�last verse�察�and chap。 xix��9��。 ��54�� He then�察�by the Divine virtue 

he   possessed�察  �made   laws   and   ordained   them   for   the   people�察  �taking   the 

greatest   care   that   they  should   be   obeyed   willingly  and   not   through   fear�察�

being specially induced to adopt this course by the obstinate nature of the 

Jews�察�who would not have submitted to be ruled solely by constraint�察�and 

also   by   the   imminence   of   war�察  �for   it   is   always   better   to   inspire   soldiers 

with a thirst for glory than to terrify them with threats�察�each man will then 

strive   to   distinguish   himself   by   valour   and   courage�察  �instead   of   merely 

trying to escape punishment。 ��55�� Moses�察�therefore�察�by his virtue and the 

Divine command�察�introduced a religion�察�so that the people might do their 

duty from devotion rather than fear。 ��56�� Further�察�he bound them over by 

benefits�察�and prophesied many advantages in the future�察�nor were his laws 

very severe�察�as anyone may see for himself�察�especially if he remarks the 

number of circumstances necessary in order to procure the conviction of 

an accused person。 

     ��57��   Lastly�察  �in   order   that   the   people   which   could   not   govern   itself 

should be entirely dependent on its ruler�察�he left nothing to the free choice 

of individuals ��who had hitherto been slaves���察�the people could do nothing 

but remember   the law�察 �and   follow  the   ordinances laid down   at the   good 

pleasure of their ruler�察�they were not allowed to plough�察�to sow�察�to reap�察�

nor even to eat�察�to clothe themselves�察�to shave�察�to rejoice�察�or in fact to do 

anything whatever as they liked�察�but were bound to follow the directions 

given in the law�察�and not only this�察�but they were obliged to have marks on 

their door´posts�察�on their hands�察�and between their eyes to admonish them 

to perpetual obedience。         ��58�� This�察�then�察�was the object of the ceremonial 

law�察�that men should do nothing of their own free will�察�but should always 

act    under   external    authority�察   �and   should    continually     confess    by   their 

actions     and   thoughts    that  they   were    not   their  own    masters�察   �but   were 

entirely under the control of others。 

     ��59��    From     all   these   considerations       it  is  clearer    than   day    that 

ceremonies have nothing to do with a state of blessedness�察�and that those 

mentioned in the Old Testament�察�i。e。 the whole Mosaic Law�察�had reference 

merely to the government of the Jews�察�and merely temporal advantages。 

     ��60��   As   for   the   Christian   rites�察  �such   as   baptism�察  �the   Lord's   Supper�察�



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festivals�察�public prayers�察�and any other observances which are�察�and always 

have been�察�common to all Christendom�察�if they were instituted by Christ or 

His Apostles   ��which   is   open   to   doubt���察  �they   were   instituted   as   external 

signs   of   the   universal    church�察  �and   not   as   having   anything   to   do     with 

blessedness�察     �or   possessing     any   sanctity   in   themselves。     ��61��   Therefore�察�

though   such   ceremonies   were   not   ordained   for   the   sake   of   upholding   a 

government�察  �they   were   ordained   for   the   preservation   of   a   society�察  �and 

accordingly he who lives alone is not bound by them�此�nay�察�those who live 

in a country where the Christian religion is forbidden�察�are bound to abstain 

from such rites�察�and can none the less live in a state of blessedness。 ��62�� 

We   have   an   example   of   this   in   Japan�察  �where   the   Christian   religion   is 

forbidden�察�and the Dutch who live there are enjoined by their East India 

Company not to practise any outward rites of religion。 ��63�� I need not cite 

other   examples�察  �though   it   would   be   easy   to   prove   my   point   from   the 

fundamental        principles     of  the   New     Testament�察     �and   to   adduce     many 

confirmatory instances�察�but I pass on the more willingly�察�as I am anxious 

to proceed to my next proposition。 ��64�� I will now�察�therefore�察�pass on to 

what I proposed to treat of in the second part of this chapter�察�namely�察�what 

persons are bound to believe in the narratives contained in Scripture�察�and 

how   far   they   are   so   bound。   ��65��   Examining   this   question   by   the   aid   of 

natural reason�察�I will proceed as follows。 

     ��66�� If anyone wishes to persuade his fellows for or against anything 

which      is  not   self´evident�察   �he   must    deduce     his   contention     from    their 

admissions�察  �and   convince   them  either by  experience   or   by  ratiocination�察�

either    by   appealing     to   facts  of   natural    experience�察    �or  to   self´evident 

intellectual axioms。 ��67�� Now unless the experience be of such a kind as to 

be clearly and distinctly understood�察�though it may convince a man�察�it will 

not have the same effect on his mind and disperse the clouds of his doubt 

so    completely      as  when     the   doctrine    taught    is  deduced     entirely    from 

intellectual axioms ´ that is�察�by the mere power of the understanding and 

logical order�察�and this is especially the case in spiritual matters which have 

nothing to do with the senses。 

     ��68��   But   the   deduction   of   conclusions   from   general   truths   。   priori�察�

usually   requires   a   long   chain   of   arguments�察  �and�察  �moreover�察  �very   great 



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caution�察  �acuteness�察  �and   self´restraint   ´   qualities   which   are   not   often   met 

with�察�therefore people prefer to be taught by experience rather than deduce 

their conclusion from a few axioms�察�and set them out in logical order。 ��69�� 

Whence it   follows�察 �that if   anyone   wishes   to teach   a  doctrine to   a  whole 

nation ��not to speak of the whole human race���察�and to be understood by all 

men      in  every    particular�察    �he   will   seek    to  support     his   teaching     with 

experience�察�and will endeavour to suit his reasonings and the definitions of 

his doctrines as far as possible to the understanding of the common people�察�

who   form   the   majority   of   mankind�察  �and   he   will   not   set   them   forth   in 

logical sequence nor adduce the definitions which serve to establish them。 

��70��    Otherwise       he   writes    only   for   the   learned    ´  that   is�察 �he   will   be 

understood by only a small proportion of the human race。 

     ��71��   All   Scripture   was   written       primarily   for   an   entire   people�察    �and 

secondarily       for   the    whole     human      race�察  �therefore     its   contents     must 

necessarily      be   adapted     as  far  as   possible    to   the  understanding       of   the 

masses�察  �and   proved   only   by   examples   drawn   from   experience。   ��72��   We 

will explain   ourselves   more   clearly。 ��73�� The   chief   speculative   doctrines 

taught   in   Scripture   are   the   existence   of   God�察  �or   a   Being   Who   made   all 

things�察�and Who directs and sustains the world with consummate wisdom�察�

furthermore�察�that God takes the greatest thought for men�察�or such of them 

as live piously and honourably�察�while He punishes�察�with various penalties�察�

those who do evil�察�separating them from the good。 ��74�� All this is proved 

in   Scripture   entirely   through       experience´that   is�察  �through   the       narratives 

there related。 ��75�� No definitions of doctrine are given�察�but all the sayings 

and     reasonings     are   adapted     to  the   understanding       of   the   masses。    ��76�� 

Although   experience   can   give   no   clear   knowledge   of   these   things�察  �nor 

explain the nature of God�察�nor how He directs and sustains all things�察�it 

can     nevertheless       teach    and     enlighten     men     sufficiently      to   impress 

obedience and devotion on their minds。 

     ��77��   It   is   now�察  �I   think�察  �sufficiently   clear   what   persons   are   bound   to 

believe in the Scripture narratives�察�and in what degree they are so bound�察�

for it evidently follows from what has
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��