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theologico-political treatise p1(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢1)-及19何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



                              A Theologico´Political Treatise 



instructing the Jews as at keeping them under constraint。 ��16�� But let us 

return to our subject�察�and cite other passages of Scripture which set forth 

temporal      benefits   as   rewards    for   observing     the  ceremonial      law�察 �and 

blessedness as reward for the universal law。 

     ��17�� None of the prophets puts the point more clearly than Isaiah。 ��18。�� 

After   condemning   hypocrisy   he   commends   liberty   and   charity   towards 

one's self and one's neighbours�察�and promises as a reward�此 �Then shall thy 

light break forth as the morning�察�and thy health shall spring forth speedily�察�

thy righteousness shall go before thee�察�and the glory of the Lord shall be 

thy    reward;    ��chap。   lviii��8��。  ��19��   Shortly   afterwards     he  commends       the 

Sabbath�察�and for a due observance of it�察�promises�此 �Then shalt thou delight 

thyself in the Lord�察�and I will cause thee to ride upon the high places of 

the earth�察�and feed thee with the heritage of Jacob thy father�此�for the mouth 

of the Lord has spoken it。; ��20�� Thus the prophet for liberty bestowed�察�and 

charitable works�察�promises a healthy mind in a healthy body�察�and the glory 

of the Lord even after death�察�whereas�察�for ceremonial exactitude�察�he only 

promises security of rule�察�prosperity�察�and temporal happiness。 

     ��21�� In   Psalms   xv。  and xxiv。  no mention   is   made   of   ceremonies�察 �but 

only of moral doctrines�察�inasmuch as there is no question of anything but 

blessedness�察�and blessedness is symbolically promised�此�it is quite certain 

that   the   expressions�察   �the   hill   of   God�察─  �and   ;His   tents   and   the   dwellers 

therein�察─�refer to blessedness and security of soul�察�not to the actual mount 

of Jerusalem and the tabernacle of Moses�察�for these latter were not dwelt 

in by anyone�察�and only the sons of Levi ministered there。 ��22�� Further�察�all 

those sentences of Solomon to which I referred in the last chapter�察�for the 

cultivation of the intellect   and wisdom�察�promise  true blessedness�察�for  by 

wisdom is the fear of God at length understood�察�and the knowledge of God 

found。 

     ��23��    That   the   Jews   themselves      were    not  bound     to  practise   their 

ceremonial observances after the destruction of their kingdom is evident 

from     Jeremiah。    ��24��   For   when    the  prophet    saw    and   foretold   that  the 

desolation of the city was at hand�察�he said that God only delights in those 

who   know   and   understand   that   He   exercises   loving´kindness�察  �judgment�察�

and righteousness in the earth�察�and that such persons only are worthy of 



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praise。 ��Jer。 ix��23。�� ��25�� As though God had said that�察�after the desolation 

of   the   city�察  �He   would   require   nothing   special   from  the   Jews   beyond   the 

natural law by which all men are bound。 

     ��26��    The   New     Testament     also  confirms     this  view�察  �for   only   moral 

doctrines are therein taught�察�and the kingdom of heaven is promised as a 

reward�察    �whereas     ceremonial      observances      are   not  touched     on   by   the 

Apostles�察�after they began to preach the Gospel to the Gentiles。 ��27�� The 

Pharisees certainly continued to practise these rites after the destruction of 

the   kingdom�察  �but   more   with   a   view   of   opposing   the   Christians   than   of 

pleasing God�此�for after the first destruction of the city�察�when they were led 

captive to Babylon�察�not being then�察�so far as I am aware�察�split up into sects�察�

they   straightway   neglected   their   rites�察  �bid   farewell   to   the   Mosaic   law�察�

buried their national customs in oblivion as being plainly superfluous�察�and 

began to mingle with other nations�察�as we may abundantly learn from Ezra 

and Nehemiah。 ��28�� We cannot�察�therefore�察�doubt that they were no more 

bound by the law of Moses�察�after the destruction of their kingdom�察�than 

they had been before it had been begun�察�while they were still living among 

other    peoples    before    the  exodus    from   Egypt�察    �and   were   subject    to  no 

special law beyond the natural law�察�and also�察�doubtless�察�the law of the state 

in which they were living�察�in so far as it was consonant with the Divine 

natural law。 

     ��29�� As to the fact that the patriarchs offered sacrifices�察�I think they did 

so   for   the   purpose   of   stimulating   their   piety�察  �for   their   minds   had   been 

accustomed from childhood to the idea of sacrifice�察�which we know had 

been universal   from the   time of   Enoch�察  �and thus they found   in   sacrifice 

their most powerful incentive。 ��30�� The patriarchs�察�then�察�did not sacrifice 

to God at the bidding of a Divine right�察�or as taught by the basis of the 

Divine law�察�but simply in accordance with the custom of the time�察�and�察�if 

in so doing they followed any ordinance�察�it was simply the ordinance of 

the country they were living in�察�by which ��as we have seen before in the 

case of Melchisedek�� they were bound。 

     ��31�� I think that I have now given Scriptural authority for my view�此�it 

remains   to    show   why   and     how   the    ceremonial   observances        tended   to 

preserve and confirm the Hebrew kingdom�察�and this I can very briefly do 



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on grounds universally accepted。 

     ��32�� The formation of society serves not only for defensive purposes�察�

but   is   also   very   useful�察  �and�察  �indeed�察  �absolutely   necessary�察  �as   rendering 

possible      the   division    of   labour。    ��33��    If  men     did   not   render     mutual 

assistance to each other�察�no one would have either the skill or the time to 

provide   for   his   own   sustenance   and   preservation�此  �for   all   men   are   not 

equally apt for all work�察�and no one would be capable of preparing all that 

he individually stood in need of。 ��34�� Strength and time�察�I repeat�察�would 

fail�察�if every one had in person to plough�察�to sow�察�to reap�察�to grind corn�察�to 

cook�察    �to  weave�察    �to   stitch�察  �and   perform     the   other    numerous       functions 

required to keep life going�察�to say nothing of the arts and sciences which 

are   also   entirely   necessary   to   the   perfection   and   blessedness   of   human 

nature。   ��35��   We   see   that   peoples   living�察  �in   uncivilized   barbarism   lead   a 

wretched   and   almost   animal   life�察  �and   even   they   would   not   be   able   to 

acquire      their  few    rude    necessaries     without     assisting    one   another     to  a 

certain extent。 

     ��36��    Now     if  men     were    so  constituted     by   nature    that   they   desired 

nothing   but   what   is   designated   by   true   reason�察  �society   would   obviously 

have     no   need    of  laws�此   �it  would     be  sufficient    to   inculcate    true   moral 

doctrines�察  �and   men   would   freely�察  �without   hesitation�察  �act   in   accordance 

with   their   true   interests。   ��37��   But   human   nature   is   framed   in   a   different 

fashion�此�every one�察�indeed�察�seeks his own interest�察�but does not do so in 

accordance   with   the   dictates   of   sound   reason�察  �for   most   men's   ideas   of 

desirability      and    usefulness      are   guided     by   their   fleshly    instincts    and 

emotions�察  �which   take   no   thought   beyond   the   present   and   the   immediate 

object。 ��38�� Therefore�察�no society can exist without government�察�and force�察�

and laws to restrain and repress men's desires and immoderate impulses。 

��39�� Still human nature will not submit to absolute repression。 ��40�� Violent 

governments�察�as Seneca says�察�never last long�察�the moderate governments 

endure。 ��41�� So long as men act simply from fear they act contrary to their 

inclinations�察  �taking   no   thought   for   the   advantages   or   necessity   of   their 

actions�察�but simply endeavouring to escape punishment or loss of life。 ��42�� 

They   must   needs   rejoice   in   any   evil   which   befalls   their   ruler�察  �even   if   it 

should involve themselves�察�and must long for and bring about such evil by 



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every means in their power。 ��43�� Again�察�men are especially intolerant of 

serving   and   being   ruled   by   their   equals。   ��44��   Lastly�察  �it   is   exceedingly 

difficult to revoke liberties once granted。 

     ��45�� From these considerations it follows�察�firstly�察�that authority should 

either    be   vested    in  the   hands    of   the  whole     state   in  common�察      �so   that 

everyone   should   be   bound   to   serve�察  �and   yet   not   be   in   subjection   to   his 

equals�察�or else�察�if power be in the hands of a few�察�or one man�察�that one man 

should      be   something      above    average   humanity�察  �or       should   strive   to    get 

himself accepted as such。 ��46�� Secondly�察�laws should in every government 

be so arranged that people should be kept in bounds by the hope of some 

greatly   desired   good�察  �rather   than   by   fear�察  �for   then   everyone   will   do   his 

duty willingly。 

     ��47�� Lastly�察�as obedience consists in acting at the bidding of external 

authority�察�it would have no place in a state where the government is vested 

in the whole people�察�and where laws are made by common consent。 ��48�� 

In   such   a   society   the   people   would   remain   free�察  �whether   the   laws   were 

added   to   or   diminished�察  �inasmuch   as   it   would   not   be   done   on   external 

authority�察�but their own free consent。 ��49�� The reverse happens when the 
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��