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      but also subjectively。  Production therefore creates the consumer。  
 
  3。  Production not only provides the material to satisfy a need�察�but 
      it also provides the need for the material。  When consumption 
      emerges from its original primitive crudeness and immediacy  and 
      its remaining in that state would be due to the fact that 
      production was still primitively crude  then it is itself�察�as a 
      desire�察�brought about by the object。  The need felt for the object 
      is induced by the perception of the object。  An _objet d'art_ 
      creates a public that has artistic taste and is able to enjoy 
      beauty  and the same can be said of any other product。  
      Production accordingly produces not only an object for the 
      subject�察�but also a subject for the object。  
 
Hence production produces consumption�此 �
 
     1。  by providing the material of consumption�察 �
 
     2。  by determining the mode of consumption�察 �
 
     3。  by creating in the consumer a need for the objects which it 
         first presents as products。   
 
It therefore produces the object of consumption�察�the mode of consumption 
and the urge to consume。  Similarly�察�consumption produces the 
_predisposition_ of the producer by positing him as a purposive 
requirement。  
 
The identity of consumption and production has three aspects�此�
 
  1。  Direct identity�此 �Production is consumption and consumption is 
      production。  Consumptive production and productive consumption。  
      Economists call both productive consumption�察�but they still make a 
      distinction。  The former figures in their work as reproduction�察�
      the latter as productive consumption。  All investigations 
      concerning the former are concerned with productive and 
      unproductive labor�察�concerning the latter with productive and 
      non´productive consumption。  
 
  2。  Each appears as a means of the other�察�as being induced by it�察�this 
      is called their mutual dependence�察�they are thus brought into 
      mutual relation and appear to be indispensable to each other�察�but 
      nevertheless remain extrinsic to each other。  Production provides 
      the material which is the external object of consumption�察�
      consumption provides the need  i。e。�察�the internal object�察�the 
      purpose of production。  There is no consumption without 
      production�察�and no production without consumption。  This 
      proposition appears in various forms in political economy。  
 
  3。  Production is not only simultaneously consumption�察�and consumption 
      simultaneously production�察�nor is production only a means of 
      consumption and consumption the purpose of production  i。e。�察�
      each provides the other with its objects�察�production supplying the 
      external object of consumption�察�and consumption the conceptual 
      object of production  in other words�察�each of them is not only 
      simultaneously the other�察�and not merely the cause of the other�察�
      but each of them by being carried through creates the other�察�it 
      creates itself as the other。  it is only consumption that 
      consummates the process of production�察�since consumption completes 
      the product as a product by destroying it�察�by consuming its 
      independent concrete form。  Moreover�察�by its needs for repetition�察�
      consumption leads to the perfection of abilities evolved during 
      the first process of production and converts them into skills。  
      Consumption is therefore the concluding act which turns not only 
      the product into a product�察�but also the producer into a producer。  
      Production�察�on the other hand�察�produces consumption by creating a 
      definite mode of consumption�察�and by providing an incentive to 
      consumption it thereby creates the capability to consume as a 
      requirement。  The last kind of identity�察�which is defined in point 
      3�察�has been variously interpreted by economists when discussing 
      the relation of demand and supply�察�of objects and needs�察�of needs 
      created by society and natural needs。  
 
After this�察�nothing is simpler for a Hegelian than to assume that 
production and consumption are identical。  And this has been done not 
only by socialist _belletrists_ but also by prosaic economists�察�such as 
Say�察�in declaring that if one considers a nation  or mankind _in 
abstracto_  then its production is its consumption。  Storch has shown 
that this proposition of Say's is wrong�察�since a nation�察�for instance�察�
does not consume its entire product�察�but must also provide means of 
production�察�fixed capital�察�etc。  It is�察�moreover�察�wrong to consider 
society as a single individual�察�as in speculative reasoning。  With an 
individual�察�production and consumption appear as different aspects of 
one act。  The important point to be emphasized here is that if 
production and consumption be considered as activities of one 
individual�察�or of separate individuals�察�they appear at any rate as 
aspects of one process in which production forms the actual 
starting´point and is�察�therefore�察�the predominating factor。  
Consumption�察�as a natural necessity�察�as a want�察�constitutes an internal 
factor of productive activity�察�but the latter is the starting´point of 
realization and�察�therefore�察�its predominating factor�察�the act into which 
the entire process resolves itself in the end。  The individual produces 
a certain article and turns again into himself by consuming it�察�but he 
returns as a productive and self´reproducing individual。  Consumption 
thus appears as a factor of production。  
 
In society�察�however�察�the relation of the producer to his product�察�as 
soon as it is completed�察�is an outward one�察�and the return of the 
product to the individual depends on his relations to other individuals。  
He does not take immediate possession of it。  Nor does the direct 
appropriation of the product constitute his purpose�察�when he produces in 
society。  Between the producer and the product�察�distribution steps in�察�
which determines ��by social laws�� his share in the world of products�察�
that is to say�察�distribution steps in between production and 
consumption。  
 
Does distribution form an independent sector alongside and outside 
production�拭�
 
     ��b�� Production and distribution 
 
When looking through the ordinary run of economic works�察�one's attention 
is attracted forthwith by the fact that everything is mentioned twice  
e。g。�察�rent�察�wages�察�interest and profit figure under the heading 
distribution�察�while under the heading of production�察�land�察�labor and 
capital。  As to capital�察�it is evident from the outset that this is 
counted twice�此�first as a factor of production�察�and secondly as a source 
of income ��i。e。�察�as a determining and determinate form of distribution��。  
Interest and profit appear therefore in production as well�察�since they 
are forms in which capital increases and grows�察�and are thus phases of 
its production。  As forms of distribution�察�interest and capital 
presuppose capital as a factor of production。  They are forms of 
distribution whose precondition is the existence of capital as a factor 
of production。  They are likewise modes of production of capital。  
 
Wages represent also wage´labor�察�which is examined in a different 
section�察�the particular function that labor performs as a factor of 
production in the one case appears as a function of distribution in the 
other。  If labor did not have the distinct form of wage´labor�察�then its 
share in the product would not appear as wages�察�as for instance in 
slavery。  Finally�察�rent  if we take the most advanced form of 
distribution by which landed property obtains a share in the products  
presupposes large´scale landed property ��strictly speaking�察�large´scale 
agriculture�� as a factor of production�察�and not land in general�察�just as 
wages do not presuppose labor in general。  The relations and modes of 
distribution are thus merely the reverse aspect of the factors of 
production。  An individual whose participation in production takes the 
form of wage´labor will receive a share in the product�察�the result of 
production�察�in the form of wages。  The structure of distribution is 
entirely determined by the structure of production。  distribution itself 
is a product of production�察�not only with regard to the content�察�for 
only the results of production can be distributed�察�but also with regard 
to the form�察�since the particular mode of men's participation in 
production determines the specific form of distribution�察�the form in 
which they share in distribution。  It is altogether an illusion to speak 
of land in the section of production�察�and of rent in the section on 
distribution�察�etc。  
 
Economists like Ricardo�察�who are mainly accused of having paid exclusive 
attention to production�察�have accordingly regarded distribution as the 
exclusive subject of political economy  for they have instinctively 
treated the forms of distribution as the most precise expression in 
which factors of production manifest themselves in a given society。  
 
To the single individual�察�distribution naturally appears as a social 
law�察�which determines his position within the framework of production�察�
and within which he produces�察�distribution thus being antecedent to 
production。  An individual who has neither capital nor landed property 
of his own is dependent on wage´labor from his birth as a consequence of 
social distribution。  But this dependence is itself the result of the 
existence of capital and landed property as independent factors of 
production。  
 
When one considers whole societies�察�still another aspect of distribution 
appears to be antecedent to production and to determine it�察�as though it 
were an ante´economic factor。  
 
     ´ A conquering nation may divide the land among the conquerors and�察�
       in this way�察�impose a distinct mode of distribution and for of 
       landed property ��thus determining production��。  Or�察�
 
     ´ it may turn the population into slaves�察�thus making slave´labor 
       the basis of production。  Or�察�
 
     ´ in the course of a revolution�察�a nation may divide lar
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