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but also subjectively。 Production therefore creates the consumer。
3。 Production not only provides the material to satisfy a need�察�but
it also provides the need for the material。 When consumption
emerges from its original primitive crudeness and immediacy and
its remaining in that state would be due to the fact that
production was still primitively crude then it is itself�察�as a
desire�察�brought about by the object。 The need felt for the object
is induced by the perception of the object。 An _objet d'art_
creates a public that has artistic taste and is able to enjoy
beauty and the same can be said of any other product。
Production accordingly produces not only an object for the
subject�察�but also a subject for the object。
Hence production produces consumption�此 �
1。 by providing the material of consumption�察 �
2。 by determining the mode of consumption�察 �
3。 by creating in the consumer a need for the objects which it
first presents as products。
It therefore produces the object of consumption�察�the mode of consumption
and the urge to consume。 Similarly�察�consumption produces the
_predisposition_ of the producer by positing him as a purposive
requirement。
The identity of consumption and production has three aspects�此�
1。 Direct identity�此 �Production is consumption and consumption is
production。 Consumptive production and productive consumption。
Economists call both productive consumption�察�but they still make a
distinction。 The former figures in their work as reproduction�察�
the latter as productive consumption。 All investigations
concerning the former are concerned with productive and
unproductive labor�察�concerning the latter with productive and
non´productive consumption。
2。 Each appears as a means of the other�察�as being induced by it�察�this
is called their mutual dependence�察�they are thus brought into
mutual relation and appear to be indispensable to each other�察�but
nevertheless remain extrinsic to each other。 Production provides
the material which is the external object of consumption�察�
consumption provides the need i。e。�察�the internal object�察�the
purpose of production。 There is no consumption without
production�察�and no production without consumption。 This
proposition appears in various forms in political economy。
3。 Production is not only simultaneously consumption�察�and consumption
simultaneously production�察�nor is production only a means of
consumption and consumption the purpose of production i。e。�察�
each provides the other with its objects�察�production supplying the
external object of consumption�察�and consumption the conceptual
object of production in other words�察�each of them is not only
simultaneously the other�察�and not merely the cause of the other�察�
but each of them by being carried through creates the other�察�it
creates itself as the other。 it is only consumption that
consummates the process of production�察�since consumption completes
the product as a product by destroying it�察�by consuming its
independent concrete form。 Moreover�察�by its needs for repetition�察�
consumption leads to the perfection of abilities evolved during
the first process of production and converts them into skills。
Consumption is therefore the concluding act which turns not only
the product into a product�察�but also the producer into a producer。
Production�察�on the other hand�察�produces consumption by creating a
definite mode of consumption�察�and by providing an incentive to
consumption it thereby creates the capability to consume as a
requirement。 The last kind of identity�察�which is defined in point
3�察�has been variously interpreted by economists when discussing
the relation of demand and supply�察�of objects and needs�察�of needs
created by society and natural needs。
After this�察�nothing is simpler for a Hegelian than to assume that
production and consumption are identical。 And this has been done not
only by socialist _belletrists_ but also by prosaic economists�察�such as
Say�察�in declaring that if one considers a nation or mankind _in
abstracto_ then its production is its consumption。 Storch has shown
that this proposition of Say's is wrong�察�since a nation�察�for instance�察�
does not consume its entire product�察�but must also provide means of
production�察�fixed capital�察�etc。 It is�察�moreover�察�wrong to consider
society as a single individual�察�as in speculative reasoning。 With an
individual�察�production and consumption appear as different aspects of
one act。 The important point to be emphasized here is that if
production and consumption be considered as activities of one
individual�察�or of separate individuals�察�they appear at any rate as
aspects of one process in which production forms the actual
starting´point and is�察�therefore�察�the predominating factor。
Consumption�察�as a natural necessity�察�as a want�察�constitutes an internal
factor of productive activity�察�but the latter is the starting´point of
realization and�察�therefore�察�its predominating factor�察�the act into which
the entire process resolves itself in the end。 The individual produces
a certain article and turns again into himself by consuming it�察�but he
returns as a productive and self´reproducing individual。 Consumption
thus appears as a factor of production。
In society�察�however�察�the relation of the producer to his product�察�as
soon as it is completed�察�is an outward one�察�and the return of the
product to the individual depends on his relations to other individuals。
He does not take immediate possession of it。 Nor does the direct
appropriation of the product constitute his purpose�察�when he produces in
society。 Between the producer and the product�察�distribution steps in�察�
which determines ��by social laws�� his share in the world of products�察�
that is to say�察�distribution steps in between production and
consumption。
Does distribution form an independent sector alongside and outside
production�拭�
��b�� Production and distribution
When looking through the ordinary run of economic works�察�one's attention
is attracted forthwith by the fact that everything is mentioned twice
e。g。�察�rent�察�wages�察�interest and profit figure under the heading
distribution�察�while under the heading of production�察�land�察�labor and
capital。 As to capital�察�it is evident from the outset that this is
counted twice�此�first as a factor of production�察�and secondly as a source
of income ��i。e。�察�as a determining and determinate form of distribution��。
Interest and profit appear therefore in production as well�察�since they
are forms in which capital increases and grows�察�and are thus phases of
its production。 As forms of distribution�察�interest and capital
presuppose capital as a factor of production。 They are forms of
distribution whose precondition is the existence of capital as a factor
of production。 They are likewise modes of production of capital。
Wages represent also wage´labor�察�which is examined in a different
section�察�the particular function that labor performs as a factor of
production in the one case appears as a function of distribution in the
other。 If labor did not have the distinct form of wage´labor�察�then its
share in the product would not appear as wages�察�as for instance in
slavery。 Finally�察�rent if we take the most advanced form of
distribution by which landed property obtains a share in the products
presupposes large´scale landed property ��strictly speaking�察�large´scale
agriculture�� as a factor of production�察�and not land in general�察�just as
wages do not presuppose labor in general。 The relations and modes of
distribution are thus merely the reverse aspect of the factors of
production。 An individual whose participation in production takes the
form of wage´labor will receive a share in the product�察�the result of
production�察�in the form of wages。 The structure of distribution is
entirely determined by the structure of production。 distribution itself
is a product of production�察�not only with regard to the content�察�for
only the results of production can be distributed�察�but also with regard
to the form�察�since the particular mode of men's participation in
production determines the specific form of distribution�察�the form in
which they share in distribution。 It is altogether an illusion to speak
of land in the section of production�察�and of rent in the section on
distribution�察�etc。
Economists like Ricardo�察�who are mainly accused of having paid exclusive
attention to production�察�have accordingly regarded distribution as the
exclusive subject of political economy for they have instinctively
treated the forms of distribution as the most precise expression in
which factors of production manifest themselves in a given society。
To the single individual�察�distribution naturally appears as a social
law�察�which determines his position within the framework of production�察�
and within which he produces�察�distribution thus being antecedent to
production。 An individual who has neither capital nor landed property
of his own is dependent on wage´labor from his birth as a consequence of
social distribution。 But this dependence is itself the result of the
existence of capital and landed property as independent factors of
production。
When one considers whole societies�察�still another aspect of distribution
appears to be antecedent to production and to determine it�察�as though it
were an ante´economic factor。
´ A conquering nation may divide the land among the conquerors and�察�
in this way�察�impose a distinct mode of distribution and for of
landed property ��thus determining production��。 Or�察�
´ it may turn the population into slaves�察�thus making slave´labor
the basis of production。 Or�察�
´ in the course of a revolution�察�a nation may divide lar
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