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statesman-及2何蛍

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  Y。 Soc。 Certainly。

  Str。 That division�察�then�察�is complete�察�and now we may leave one

half�察�and take up the other�察�which may also be divided into two。

  Y。 Soc。 Which of the two halves do you men��

  Str。 Of course that which exercises command about animals。 For��

surely�察�the royal science is not like that of a master´workman�察�a

science presiding over lifeless objects�察�the king has a nobler

function�察�which is the management and control of living beings。

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 And the breeding and tending of living beings may be observed

to be sometimes a tending of the individual�察�in other cases�察�a

common care of creatures in flocks��

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 But the statesman is not a tender of individuals´not like the

driver or groom of a single ox or horse�察�he is rather to be compared

with the keeper of a drove of horses or oxen。

  Y。 Soc。 Yes�察�I see�察�thanks to you。

  Str。 Shall we call this art of tending many animals together�察�the

art of managing a herd�察�or the art of collective management��

  Y。 Soc。 No matter�察�Whichever suggests itself to us in the course

of conversation。

  Str。 Very good�察�Socrates�察�and�察�if you continue to be not too

particular about names�察�you will be all the richer in wisdom when

you are an old man。 And now�察�as you say�察�leaving the 

discussion of the

name�察 �can you see a way in which a person�察�by showing the art of

herding to be of two kinds�察�may cause that which is now 

sought amongst

twice the number of things�察�to be then sought amongst half that

number��

  Y。 Soc。 I will try�察�there appears to me to be one management of

men and another of beasts。

  Str。 You have certainly divided them in a most straightforward and

manly style�察�but you have fallen into an error which 

hereafter I think

that we had better avoid。

  Y。 Soc。 What is the error��

  Str。 I think that we had better not cut off a single small portion

which is not a species�察�from many larger portions�察�the part should

be a species。 To separate off at once the subject of 

investigation�察�is

a most excellent plan�察�if only the separation be rightly 

made�察�and you

were under the impression that you were right�察�because you saw that

you would come to man�察�and this led you to hasten the steps。 But you

should not chip off too small a piece�察�my friend�察�the safer way is

to cut through the middle�察�which is also the more likely way of

finding classes。 Attention to this principle makes all the

difference in a process of enquiry。

  Y。 Soc。 What do you mean�察�Stranger��

  Str。 I will endeavour to speak more plainly out of love to 

your good

parts�察�Socrates�察�and�察�although I cannot at present entirely explain

myself�察�I will try�察�as we proceed�察�to make my meaning a little

clearer。

  Y。 Soc。 What was the error of which�察�as you say�察�we were guilty in

our recent division��

  Str。 The error was just as if some one who wanted to divide the

human race�察�were to divide them after the fashion which prevails in

this part of the world�察�here they cut off the Hellenes as 

one species��

and all the other species of mankind�察�which are innumerable�察�and

have no ties or common language�察�they include under the 

single name of

;barbarians�察─�and because they have one name they are supposed to be

of one species also。 Or suppose that in dividing numbers you were to

cut off ten thousand from all the rest�察�and make of it one species��

comprehending the first under another separate name�察�you might say

that here too was a single class�察�because you had given it a single

name。 Whereas you would make a much better and more equal and

logical classification of numbers�察�if you divided them into odd and

even�察�or of the human species�察�if you divided them into male and

female�察�and only separated off Lydians or Phrygians�察�or any other

tribe�察�and arrayed them against the rest of the world�察�when you

could no longer make a division into parts which were also classes。

  Y。 Soc。 Very true�察�but I wish that this distinction between a part

and a class could still be made somewhat plainer。

  Str。 O Socrates�察�best of men�察�you are imposing upon me a very

difficult task。 We have already digressed further from our original

intention than we ought�察�and you would have us wander still further

away。 But we must now return to our subject�察�and hereafter�察�

when there

is a leisure hour�察�we will follow up the other track�察�at the 

same time

I wish you to guard against imagining that you ever heard me declare´

  Y。 Soc。 What��

  Str。 That a class and a part are distinct。

  Y。 Soc。 What did I hear�察�then��

  Str。 That a class is necessarily a part�察�but there is no similar

necessity that a part should be a dass�察�that is the view which I

should always wish you to attribute to me�察�Socrates。

  Y。 Soc。 So be it。

  Str。 There is another thing which I should like to know。

  Y。 Soc。 What is it��

  Str。 The point at which we digressed�察�for�察�if I am not 

mistaken�察�the

exact place was at the question�察�Where you would divide the 

management

of herds。 To this you appeared rather too ready to answer that them

were two species of animals�察�man being one�察�and all brutes making up

the other。

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 I thought that in taking away a part you imagined that the

remainder formed a class�察�because you were able to call them by the

common name of brutes。

  Y。 Soc。 That again is true。

  Str。 Suppose now�察�O most courageous of dialecticians�察�that 

some wise

and understanding creature�察�such as a crane is reputed to 

be�察�were�察�in

imitation of you�察�to make a similar division�察�and set up cranes

against all other animals to their own special glorification�察�at the

same time jumbling together all the others�察�including man�察�under the

appellation of brutes�察�here would be the sort of error which we must

try to avoid。

  Y。 Soc。 How can we be safe��

  Str。 If we do not divide the whole class of animals�察�we shall be

less likely to fall into that error。

  Y。 Soc。 We had better not take the whole��

  Str。 Yes�察�there lay the source of error in our former division。

  Y。 Soc。 How��

  Str。 You remember how that part of the art of knowledge which was

concerned with command�察�had to do with the rearing of living

creatures�察�I mean�察�with animals in herds��

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 In that case�察�there was already implied a division of all

animals into tame and wild�察�those whose nature can be tamed 

are called

tame�察�and those which cannot be tamed are called wild。

  Y。 Soc。 True。

  Str。 And the political science of which we are in search�察�is and

ever was concerned with tame animals�察�and is also confined to

gregarious animals。

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 But then ought not to divide�察�as we did�察�taking the 

whole class

at once。 Neither let us be in too great haste to arrive 

quickly at the

political science�察�for this mistake has already brought upon us the

misfortune of which the proverb speaks。

  Y。 Soc。 What misfortune��

  Str。 The misfortune of too much haste�察�which is too little speed。

  Y。 Soc。 And all the better�察�Stranger�察�we got what we deserved。

  Str。 Very well�此�Let us then begin again�察�and endeavour to 

divide the

collective rearing of animals�察�for probably the completion of the

argument will best show what you are so anxious to know。 Tell me��

then´

  Y。 Soc。 What��

  Str。 Have you ever heard�察�as you very likely may´for I do not

suppose that you ever actually visited them´of the preserves 

of fishes

in the Nile�察�and in the ponds of the Great King�察�or you may have

seen similar preserves in wells at home��

  Y。 Soc。 Yes�察�to be sure�察�I have seen them�察�and I have often heard

the others described。

  Str。 And you may have heard also�察�and may have been´assured by

report�察�although you have not travelled in those regions�察�of 

nurseries

of geese and cranes in the plains of Thessaly��

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly。

  Str。 I asked you�察�because here is a new division of the management

of herds�察�into the management of land and of water herds。

  Y。 Soc。 There is。

  Str。 And do you agree that we ought to divide the 

collective rearing

of herds into two corresponding parts�察�the one the rearing of water��

and the other the rearing of land herds��

  Y。 Soc。 Yes。

  Str。 There is surely no need to ask which of these two contains

the royal art�察�for it is evident to everybody。

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly。

  Str。 Any one can divide the herds which feed on dry land��

  Y。 Soc。 How would you divide them��

  Str。 I should distinguish between those which fly and those which

walk。

  Y。 Soc。 Most true。

  Str。 And where shall we look for the political animal�拭�Might not

an idiot�察�so to speak�察�know that he is a pedestrian��

  Y。 Soc。 Certainly。

  Str。 The art of managing the walking animal has to be further

divided�察�just as you might have an even number。

  Y。 Soc。 Clearly。

  Str。 Let me note that here appear in view two ways to that part or

class which the argument aims at reaching´the one is speedier way��

which cuts off a small portion and leaves a large�察�the other agrees

better with the principle which we were laying down�察�that as 

far as we

can we should divide in the middle�察�but it is longer。 We can take

either of them�察�whichever we please。

  Y。 Soc。 Cannot we have both ways��

  Str。 Together�拭�What a thing to ask� �but�察�if you take them in turn��

you clearly may。

  Y。 Soc。 Then I should like to have them in turn。

  Str。 There will be no difficulty�察�as we are near the end�察�if we

had been at the beginning�察�or in the middle�察�I should have 

demurred to

your request�察�but now�察�in accordance with your desire�察�let us begin

with the longer way�察�while we are fresh�察�we shall get on better。 And

now attend to the division。

  Y。 Soc。 Let me hear。

  Str。 The tame walking herding animals are distributed by 

nature into

two classes。

  Y。 Soc。 Upon what principle��

  Str。 The one grows horns�察�and the other is without horns。

  Y。 Soc。 Clearly。

  Str。 Suppose that you divide the science which manages pedestrian

animals into two corresponding parts�察�and define them�察�for if you

try to invent names for them�察�you will find the intricacy too great。

  Y。 Soc。 How must I s
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