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proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及1何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



                     PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



PROPOSED ROADS TO 

                  FREEDOM 



            BY BERTRAND RUSSELL�察�F。R。S。 



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                            PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



                          INTRODUCTION 



       THE   attempt   to   conceive   imaginatively   a   better   ordering   of   human 

society than the destructive and cruel chaos in which mankind has hitherto 

existed    is   by   no  means   modern�此  �it    is   at   least   as  old  as   Plato�察 �whose 

``Republic''   set   the   model   for   the   Utopias   of   subsequent   philosophers。 

Whoever contemplates the world in the light of an idealwhether what he 

seeks be intellect�察�or art�察�or love�察�or simple happiness�察�or all togethermust 

feel a great sorrow in the evils that men needlessly allow to continue�察�and´ 

´if he be a man of force and vital energyan urgent desire to lead men to 

the   realization   of   the   good   which   inspires   his   creative   vision。   It   is   this 

desire which has been the primary force moving the pioneers of Socialism 

and Anarchism�察�as it moved the inventors of ideal commonwealths in the 

past。 In this there is nothing new。 What is new in Socialism and Anarchism�察�

is that close relation of the ideal to the present sufferings of men�察�which 

has   enabled   powerful   political   movements   to   grow   out   of   the   hopes   of 

solitary thinkers。 It is this that makes Socialism and Anarchism important�察�

and it is this that makes them dangerous to those who batten�察�consciously 

or unconsciously upon the evils of our present order of society。 

     The great majority of men and women�察�in ordinary times�察�pass through 

life without ever contemplating or criticising�察�as a whole�察�either their own 

conditions or those of the world at large。 They find themselves born into a 

certain    place   in  society�察  �and   they   accept    what   each   day   brings    forth�察�

without any effort of thought beyond what the immediate present requires。 

Almost as instinctively as the beasts of the field�察�they seek the satisfaction 

of   the   needs   of   the  moment�察     �without    much    forethought�察    �and   without 

considering   that   by   sufficient   effort   the   whole   conditions   of   their   lives 

could   be   changed。   A   certain   percentage�察  �guided   by   personal   ambition�察�

make the effort of thought and will which is necessary to place themselves 

among      the   more   fortunate    members      of  the   community�察     �but   very   few 

among      these   are  seriously   concerned      to  secure    for  all  the  advantages 

which they seek for themselves。 It is only a few rare and exceptional men 

who   have   that   kind   of   love   toward   mankind   at   large   that   makes   them 



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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



unable      to   endure     patiently    the   general     mass     of  evil   and    suffering�察�

regardless of any relation it may have to their own lives。 These few�察�driven 

by sympathetic pain�察�will seek�察�first in thought and then in action�察�for some 

way   of   escape�察  �some   new   system   of   society   by   which   life   may   become 

richer�察  �more   full   of   joy   and   less   full   of   preventable   evils   than   it   is   at 

present。 But in the past such men have�察�as a rule�察�failed to interest the very 

victims      of   the   injustices    which     they    wished      to  remedy。      The    more 

unfortunate sections of the population have been ignorant�察�apathetic from 

excess   of   toil   and   weariness�察  �timorous   through   the   imminent   danger   of 

immediate   punishment   by   the   holders   of   power�察  �and   morally   unreliable 

owing to the loss of self´respect resulting from their degradation。 To create 

among       such     classes    any     conscious�察     �deliberate     effort    after   general 

amelioration might have seemed a hopeless task�察�and indeed in the past it 

has    generally     proved     so。   But   the   modern      world�察   �by    the  increase     of 

education and the rise in the standard of comfort among wage´earners�察�has 

produced new conditions�察�more favorable than ever before to the demand 

for   radical   reconstruction。   It   is   above   all   the   Socialists�察  �and   in   a   lesser 

degree the Anarchists ��chiefly as the inspirers of Syndicalism���察�who have 

become the exponents of this demand。 

     What   is   perhaps   most   remarkable   in   regard   to   both   Socialism   and 

Anarchism   is   the   association   of   a   widespread   popular   movement   with 

ideals   for   a   better   world。   The   ideals   have   been   elaborated�察  �in   the   first 

instance�察  �by   solitary   writers   of   books�察  �and   yet   powerful   sections   of   the 

wage´earning   classes   have   accepted   them   as   their   guide   in   the   practical 

affairs of the world。 In regard to Socialism this is evident�察�but in regard to 

Anarchism it is only true with some qualification。 Anarchism as such has 

never     been    a   widespread      creed�察   �it  is  only    in  the   modified      form    of 

Syndicalism         that   it  has    achieved      popularity。     Unlike     Socialism      and 

Anarchism�察�Syndicalism is primarily the outcome�察�not of an idea�察�but of an 

organization�此  �the   fact   of   Trade   Union   organization   came   first�察  �and   the 

ideas     of   Syndicalism        are   those    which      seemed      appropriate      to   this 

organization   in   the  opinion   of   the   more   advanced   French Trade   Unions。 

But the ideas are�察�in the main�察�derived from Anarchism�察�and the men who 

gained acceptance for them were�察�for the most part�察�Anarchists。 Thus we 



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may regard Syndicalism as the Anarchism of the market´place as opposed 

to the Anarchism of isolated individuals which had preserved a precarious 

life   throughout       the   previous     decades。     Taking     this   view�察   �we    find   in 

Anarchist´Syndicalism the same combination of ideal and organization as 

we   find   in   Socialist   political   parties。   It   is   from   this   standpoint   that   our 

study of these movements will be undertaken。 

     Socialism   and Anarchism�察  �in   their   modern   form�察  �spring   respectively 

from  two   protagonists�察 �Marx   and   Bakunin�察 �who   fought   a lifelong   battle�察�

culminating in a split in the first International。 We shall begin our study 

with these two menfirst their teaching�察�and then the organizations which 

they founded or inspired。 This will lead us to the spread of Socialism in 

more   recent   years�察  �and   thence   to   the   Syndicalist   revolt   against   Socialist 

emphasis       on   the  State    and   political   action�察   �and   to  certain    movements 

outside France which have some affinity with Syndicalism notably the I。 

W。  W。   in America   and   Guild   Socialism  in   England。   From  this   historical 

survey   we   shall   pass   to   the   consideration   of   some   of   the   more   pressing 

problems of the future�察�and shall try to decide in what respects the world 

would be happier if the aims of Socialists or Syndicalists were achieved。 

     My  own   opinionwhich   I   may  as   well   indicate   at   the   outsetis   that 

pure Anarchism�察�though it should be the ultimate ideal�察�to which society 

should continually approximate�察�is for the present impossible�察�and would 

not   survive   more   than   a   year   or   two   at   most   if   it   were   adopted。   On   the 

other   hand�察  �both   Marxian   Socialism   and   Syndicalism�察  �in   spite   of   many 

drawbacks�察  �seem   to   me   calculated   to   give   rise   to   a   happier   and   better 

world than that in which we live。 I do not�察�however�察�regard either of them 

as the best practicable system。 Marxian Socialism�察�I fear�察�would give far 

too much power to the State�察�while Syndicalism�察�which aims at abolishing 

the    State�察  �would�察   �I  believe�察   �find   itself  forced    to   reconstruct     a  central 

authority   in   order   to   put   an   end   to   the   rivalries   of   different   groups   of 

producers。   The   BEST   practicable   system�察  �to   my   mind�察  �is   that   of   Guild 

Socialism�察  �which   concedes   what   is   valid   both   in   the   claims   of   the   State 

Socialists and in the Syndicalist fear of the State�察�by adopting a system of 

federalism       among       trades    for    reasons     similar     to   those    which      are 

recommending           federalism       among      nations。     The     grounds       for   these 



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                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



conclusions will appear as we proceed。 

     Before   embarking upon   the   history  of   recent   movements   In   favor   of 

radical   reconstruction�察  �it   will   be   worth   while   to   consider   some   traits   of 

character      which     distinguish    most     political   idealists�察  �and    are   much 

misunderstood        by   the   general   public    for  other    reasons    besides    mere 

prejudice。 I wish to do full justice to these reasons�察�in order to show the 

more effectually why they ought not to be operative。 

     The leaders of the more advanced movements are�察�in general�察�men of 

quite unusual disinterestedness�察�as is evident from a consideration of their 

careers。 Although they have obviously quite as much ability as many men 

who rise to positions of great power�察�they do not themselves become the 

arbiters    of   contemporary       events�察  �nor   do   they   achieve     wea
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