嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及2何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



arbiters    of   contemporary       events�察  �nor   do   they   achieve     wealth    or  the 

applause of the mass of their contemporaries。 Men who have the capacity 

for winning these prizes�察�and who work at least as hard as those who win 

them�察  �but   deliberately   adopt   a   line   which   makes   the   winning   of   them 

impossible�察  �must   be   judged   to   have   an   aim   in   life   other   than   personal 

advancement�察�whatever admixture of self´seeking may enter into the detail 

of their lives�察�their fundamental motive must be outside Self。 The pioneers 

of    Socialism�察    �Anarchism�察     �and   Syndicalism      have�察   �for   the  most    part�察�

experienced prison�察�exile�察�and poverty�察�deliberately incurred because they 

would not abandon their propaganda�察�and by this conduct they have shown 

that   the   hope    which    inspired    them    was    not   for  themselves�察    �but   for 

mankind。 

     Nevertheless�察�though the desire for human welfare is what at bottom 

determines the broad lines of such men's lives�察�it often happens that�察�in the 

detail of their speech and writing�察�hatred is far more visible than love。 The 

impatient idealistand without some impatience a man will hardly prove 

effectiveis   almost     sure   to  be   led   into  hatred   by   the  oppositions    and 

disappointments which he encounters in his endeavors to bring happiness 

to the world。 The more certain he is of the purity of his motives and the 

truth of his gospel�察�the more indignant he will become when his teaching 

is rejected。  Often he  will   successfully achieve  an attitude  of philosophic 

tolerance   as   regards   the   apathy   of   the   masses�察  �and   even   as   regards   the 

whole´hearted opposition of professed defenders of the status quo。 But the 



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men   whom   he   finds   it   impossible   to   forgive   are   those   who   profess   the 

same desire for the amelioration of society as he feels himself�察�but who do 

not   accept   his   method   of   achieving   this   end。   The   intense   faith   which 

enables him to withstand persecution for the sake of his beliefs makes him 

consider these beliefs so luminously obvious that any thinking man who 

rejects   them   must   be   dishonest�察  �and   must   be   actuated   by   some   sinister 

motive of treachery to the cause。 Hence arises the spirit of the sect�察�that 

bitter�察�narrow orthodoxy which is the bane of those who hold strongly to 

an    unpopular     creed。    So   many     real  temptations      to  treachery    exist   that 

suspicion is natural。 And among leaders�察�ambition�察�which they mortify in 

their choice of a career�察�is sure to return in a new form�此�in the desire for 

intellectual   mastery  and   for   despotic   power   within   their   own   sect。   From 

these     causes    it  results    that   the   advocates      of  drastic    reform     divide 

themselves into opposing schools�察�hating each other with a bitter hatred�察�

accusing each other often of such crimes as being in the pay of the police�察�

and demanding�察�of any speaker or writer whom they are to admire�察�that he 

shall    conform      exactly    to  their   prejudices�察   �and    make     all  his  teaching 

minister to their belief that the exact truth is to be found within the limits 

of   their   creed。   The   result   of   this   state   of   mind   is   that�察  �to   a   casual   and 

unimaginative   attention�察  �the   men   who   have   sacrificed   most   through   the 

wish to benefit mankind APPEAR to be actuated far more by hatred than 

by love。 And the demand for orthodoxy is stifling to any free exercise of 

intellect。 This cause�察�as well as economic prejudice�察�has made it difficult 

for   the   ``intellectuals''   to   co´operate   prac´   tically  with   the   more   extreme 

reformers�察  �however   they   may   sympathize   with   their   main   purposes   and 

even with nine´tenths of their program。 

     Another reason why radical reformers are misjudged by ordinary men 

is that they view existing society from outside�察�with hostility towards its 

institutions。 Although�察�for the most part�察�they have more belief than their 

neighbors in human nature's inherent capacity for a good life�察�they are so 

conscious of the cruelty and oppression resulting from existing institutions 

that   they   make   a   wholly   misleading   impression   of   cynicism。   Most   men 

have   instinctively   two   entirely   different   codes   of   behavior�此  �one   toward 

those   whom   they   regard   as   companions   or   colleagues   or   friends�察  �or   in 



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some   way   members   of   the   same   ``herd''�察  �the   other   toward   those   whom 

they     regard    as  enemies      or   outcasts    or   a  danger     to  society。    Radical 

reformers      are   apt   to  concentrate      their  attention    upon    the   behavior     of 

society toward the latter class�察�the class of those toward whom the ``herd'' 

feels ill´will。 This class includes�察�of course�察�enemies in war�察�and criminals�察�

in the minds of those who consider the preservation of the existing order 

essential to their own safety or privileges�察�it includes all who advocate any 

great   political   or   economic   change�察  �and   all   classes   which�察  �through   their 

poverty or through any other cause�察�are likely to feel a dangerous degree 

of   discontent。   The   ordinary   citizen   probably   seldom   thinks   about   such 

individuals   or   classes�察  �and   goes   through   life   believing   that   he   and   his 

friends     are  kindly   people�察    �because     they   have    no   wish    to  injure   those 

toward      whom      they   entertain     no   group´hostility。      But   the   man     whose 

attention   is   fastened   upon   the   relations   of   a   group   with   those   whom   it 

hates or   fears   will   judge  quite   differently。  In   these  relations   a  surprising 

ferocity   is   apt   to   be   developed�察  �and   a   very   ugly   side   of   human   nature 

comes to the fore。 The opponents of capitalism have learned�察�through the 

study of certain historical facts�察�that this ferocity has often been shown by 

the    capitalists     and    by   the    State   toward      the   wage´earning        classes�察�

particularly   when   they   have   ventured   to   protest   against   the   unspeakable 

suffering      to  which    industrialism      has   usually    condemned        them。    Hence 

arises   a   quite   different   attitude   toward   existing   society   from   that   of   the 

ordinary   well´to´do   citizen�此  �an   attitude   as   true   as   his�察  �perhaps   also   as 

untrue�察  �but   equally   based   on   facts�察  �facts   concerning   his   relations   to   his 

enemies instead of to his friends。 

     The     class´war�察   �like   wars    between     nations�察   �produces     two    opposing 

views�察�each equally true and equally untrue。 The citizen of a nation at war�察�

when he thinks of his own countrymen�察�thinks of them primarily as he has 

experienced them�察�in dealings with their friends�察�in their family relations�察�

and   so   on。   They   seem   to   him   on   the   whole   kindly�察  �decent   folk。   But   a 

nation with which his country is at war views his compatriots through the 

medium   of   a   quite   different   set   of   experiences�此  �as   they   appear   in   the 

ferocity of battle�察�in the invasion and subjugation of a hostile territory�察�or 

in the chicanery of a juggling diplomacy。 The men of whom these facts are 



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true   are  the   very  same    as  the  men    whom   their    compatriots    know    as 

husbands or fathers or friends�察�but they are judged differently because they 

are judged on different data。 And so it is with those who view the capitalist 

from     the   standpoint    of   the  revolutionary     wage´earner�此     �they   appear 

inconceivably  cynical   and   misjudging   to   the   capitalist�察  �because the   facts 

upon which their view is based are facts which he either does not know or 

habitually ignores。 Yet the view from the outside is just as true as the view 

from the inside。 Both are necessary to the complete truth�察�and the Socialist�察�

who emphasizes the outside view�察�is not a cynic�察�but merely the friend of 

the wage´earners�察�maddened by the spectacle of the needless misery which 

capitalism inflicts upon them。 

     I have placed these general reflections at the beginning of our study�察�in 

order to make it clear to the reader that�察�whatever bitterness and hate may 

be found in the movements which we are to examine�察�it is not bitterness or 

hate�察�but love�察�that is their mainspring。 It is difficult not to hate those who 

torture the objects of our love。 Though difficult�察�it is not impossible�察�but it 

requires a breadth of outlook and a comprehensiveness of understanding 

which     are  not  easy   to  preserve    amid   a  desperate    contest。   If  ultimate 

wisdom has not always been preserved by Socialists and Anarchists�察�they 

have not differed in this from their opponents�察�and in the source of their 

inspiration they have shown themselves superior to those who acquiesce 

ignorantly   or    supinely   in  the  injustices   and   oppressions   by   which    the 

existing system is preserved。 



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                                       PART I 



                                      HISTORICAL 



                                     CHAPTER I 



     
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��2�� 家��3��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��