嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及11何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



backed�察�up by intimidation。 

     The   orthodoxy   of   the   International   was   saved�察  �but   at   the   cost   of   its 

vitality。   From   this   time   onward�察  �it   ceased   to   be   itself   a   power�察  �but   both 

sections     continued     to  work    in  their  various    groups�察   �and   the   Socialist 

groups     in  particular    grew    rapidly。   Ultimately   a   new    International     was 

formed ��1889�� which continued down to the outbreak of the present war。 



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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



As to the future of International Socialism it would be rash to prophesy�察�

though   it   would   seem   that   the   international   idea   has   acquired   sufficient 

strength to need again�察�after the war�察�some such means of expression as it 

found before in Socialist congresses。 

     By this time Bakunin's health was broken�察�and except for a few brief 

intervals�察�he lived in retirement until his death in 1876。 

     Bakunin's life�察 �unlike   Marx's�察 �was a   very  stormy  one。   Every  kind   of 

rebellion     against    authority     always     aroused     his   sympathy�察     �and   in   his 

support he never paid the slightest attention to personal risk。 His influence�察�

undoubtedly        very    great�察  �arose    chiefly    through      the   influence     of   his 

personality upon important individuals。 His writings differ from Marx's as 

much   as   his   life   does�察  �and   in   a   similar   way。   They   are   chaotic�察  �largely�察�

aroused      by   some    passing     occasion�察    �abstract   and    metaphysical�察     �except 

when they deal with current politics。 He does not come to close quarters 

with    economic       facts�察 �but   dwells    usually   in   the   regions    of  theory   and 

metaphysics。 When he descends from these regions�察�he is much more   at 

the mercy  of current   international politics than   Marx�察�much   less   imbued 

with   the   consequences   of   the   belief   that   it   is   economic   causes   that   are 

fundamental。        He    praised    Marx     for  enunciating      this   doctrine�撮�15�А     �but 

nevertheless   continued   to   think   in   terms   of   nations。   His   longest   work�察�

``L'Empire       Knouto´Germanique            et  la   Revolution      Sociale��''    is  mainly 

concerned       with   the   situation    in  France    during     the  later   stages   of   the 

Franco´Prussian War�察�and with the means of resisting German imperialism。 

Most   of   his   writing   was   done   in   a   hurry   in   the   interval   between   two 

insurrections。 There is something of Anarchism in his lack of literary order。 

His best´known work is a fragment entitled by its editors ``God and the 

State。''��16�А�

       In this work he represents belief in God and belief in the State as the 

two     great   obstacles    to  human      liberty。  A   typical   passage     will   serve   to 

illustrate its style。 

       ��15�А �`Marx�察�as a thinker�察�is on the right road。 He has established as a 

principle     that   all  the   evolutions�察    �political�察  �religious�察   �and    juridical�察  �in 

history are�察�not the causes�察�but the effects of economic evolutions。 This is 

a great and fruitful thought�察�which he has not absolutely invented�察�it has 



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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



been glimpsed�察�expressed in part�察�by many others besides him�察�but in any 

case   to   him   belongs   the   honor   of   having   solidly   established   it   and   of 

having enunciated it as the basis of his whole economic system。 ��1870�察�ib。 

ii。 p。 xiii。�� 

     ��16�А�This title is not Bakunin's�察�but was invented by Cafiero and Elisee 

Reclus�察  �who   edited   it�察  �not   knowing   that   it   was   a   fragment   of   what   was 

intended to he the second version of ``L'Empire Knouto´Germanique'' ��see 

ib。 ii。 p 283��。 



     The State is not society�察�it is only an historical form of it�察�as brutal as it 

is   abstract。   It   was   born   historically   in   all   countries   of   the   marriage   of 

violence�察  �rapine�察  �pillage�察  �in     a   word�察  �war   and   conquest�察  �with       the   gods 

successively created by the theological fantasy of nations。 It has been from 

its origin�察�and it remains still at present�察�the divine sanction of brutal force 

and triumphant inequality。 

     The State is authority�察�it is force�察�it is the ostentation and infatuation of 

force�此  �it   does   not   insinuate   itself�察  �it   does   not   seek   to   convert。   。   。   。   Even 

when it commands what is good�察�it   hinders and spoils it�察�just because   it 

commands         it�察 �and   because     every    command        provokes     and    excites    the 

legitimate revolts of liberty�察�and because the good�察�from the moment that 

it is commanded�察�becomes evil from the point of view of true morality�察�of 

human morality ��doubtless not of divine���察�from the point of view of human 

respect   and   of   liberty。   Liberty�察  �morality�察  �and   the   human   dignity   of   man 

consist precisely in this�察�that he does good�察�not because it is commanded�察�

but because he conceives it�察�wills it and loves it。 

        We do not find   in Bakunin's works   a clear picture  of the society  at 

which   he   aimed�察  �or   any  argument   to   prove   that   such   a   society  could   be 

stable。 If we wish to understand Anarchism we must turn to his followers�察�

and   especially  to   Kropotkinlike   him�察  �a   Russian   aristocrat   familiar   with 

the   prisons   of   Europe�察  �and�察  �like   him�察  �an Anarchist   who�察  �in   spite   of   his 

internationalism�察�is imbued with a fiery hatred of the Germans。 

     Kropotkin has   devoted much   of his writing   to technical   questions   of 

production。 In ``Fields�察�Factories and Workshops'' and ``The Conquest of 

Bread'' he has set himself to prove that�察�if production were more scientific 



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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



and   better   organized�察  �a   comparatively   small   amount   of   quite   agreeable 

work      would     suffice    to  keep    the   whole     population      in  comfort。      Even 

assuming�察  �as   we   probably   must�察  �that   he   somewhat   exaggerates   what   is 

possible   with   our   present   scientific   knowledge�察  �it   must   nevertheless   be 

conceded   that   his   contentions   contain   a   very   large   measure   of   truth。   In 

attacking the subject of production he has shown that he knows what is the 

really   crucial   question。   If   civilization   and   progress   are   to   be   compatible 

with equality�察�it is necessary that equality should not involve long hours of 

painful toil for little more than the necessaries of life�察�since�察�where there is 

no leisure�察�art and science will die and all progress will become impossible。 

The objection which some feel to Socialism and Anarchism alike on this 

ground cannot be upheld in view of the possible productivity of labor。 

     The system at which Kropotkin aims�察�whether or not it be possible�察�is 

certainly one which demands a very great improvement in the methods of 

production above what is common at present。 He desires to abolish wholly 

the system of wages�察�not only�察�as   most Socialists do�察�in the sense that   a 

man   is   to   be   paid   rather   for   his   willingness   to   work   than   for   the   actual 

work demanded of him�察�but in a more fundamental sense�此�there is to be no 

obligation   to   work�察  �and   all   things   are   to   be   shared   in   equal   proportions 

among   the      whole     population。      Kropotkin   relies     upon     the  possibility   of 

making work pleasant�此�he holds that�察�in such a community as he foresees�察�

practically  everyone   will prefer   work   to   idleness�察  �because   work   will   not 

involve      overwork       or    slavery�察   �or   that    excessive      specialization      that 

industrialism has brought about�察�but will be merely a pleasant activity for 

certain     hours    of  the   day�察  �giving    a  man    an   outlet   for   his  spontaneous 

constructive       impulses。      There     is   to   be   no    compulsion�察      �no   law�察   �no 

government exercising force�察�there will still be acts of the community�察�but 

these     are   to   spring    from    universal     consent�察    �not    from    any    enforced 

submission   of   even   the   smallest   minority。   We   shall   examine   in   a   later 

chapter   how   far   such   an   ideal   is   realizable�察  �but   it   cannot   be   denied   that 

Kropotkin presents it with extraordinary persuasiveness and charm。 

     We should be doing more than justice to Anarchism if we did not say 

something   of   its   darker   side�察  �the   side   which   has   brought   it   into   conflict 

with   the   police   and   made   it   a   word   of   terror   to   ordinary   citizens。   In   its 



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                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



general doctrines there is nothing essentially involving violent methods or 

a virulent hatred of the rich�察�and many who adopt these general doctrines 

are personally gentle and temperamentally averse from violence。 But the 

general   tone   of   the Anarchist   press   and   public   is   bitter   to   a   degree   that 

seems scarcely sane�察�and the appeal�察�especially in Latin countries�察�is rather 

to   envy   of   the   fortunate   than   to   pity   for   the   unfortunate。   A   vivid   and 

readable�察�though not wholly reliable�察�account�察�from a hostile point of view�察�

is   given   in   a   book   called   ``Le   Peril   Anarchiste��''   by   Felix   Dubois�撮�17�А�

which      incidentally  
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��2�� 家��3��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��