嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及12何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



is   given   in   a   book   called   ``Le   Peril   Anarchiste��''   by   Felix   Dubois�撮�17�А�

which      incidentally     reproduces     a   number     of   cartoons    from     anarchist 

journals。 The revolt against law naturally leads�察�except in those who are 

controlled by a real passion for humanity�察�to a relaxation of all the usually 

accepted   moral   rules�察  �and   to   a   bitter   spirit   of   retaliatory   cruelty   out   of 

which good can hardly come。 

        ��17�А�Paris�察�1894。 

        One    of  the   most    curious    features    of   popular    Anarchism       is  its 

martyrology�察�aping Christian forms�察�with the guillotine ��in France�� in place 

of the cross。 Many who have suffered death at the hands of the authorities 

on account of acts of violence were no doubt genuine sufferers for their 

belief in a cause�察�but others�察�equally honored�察�are more questionable。 One 

of   the   most   curious   examples   of   this   outlet   for   the   repressed   religious 

impulse is the cult of Ravachol�察�who was guillotined in 1892 on account of 

various dynamite outrages。 His past was dubious�察�but he died defiantly�察�his 

last words were three lines from a well´known Anarchist song�察�the ``Chant 

du Pere Duchesne''�此�

                     Si tu veux etre heureux�察                              �Nom de Dieu� �

Pends ton proprietaire。 

     As was natural�察�the leading Anarchists took no part in the canonization 

of    his   memory�察     �nevertheless      it  proceeded�察    �with    the   most    amazing 

extravagances。 

     It would be wholly unfair to judge Anarchist doctrine�察�or the views of 

its   leading    exponents�察    �by  such    phenomena�察      �but  it  remains    a  fact  that 

Anarchism  attracts   to   itself   much   that   lies   on   the  borderland   of   insanity 

and common crime。��18�А�This must be remembered in exculpation of   the 

authorities and the thoughtless public�察�who often confound in a common 



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detestation the parasites of the movement and the truly heroic and high´ 

minded men who have elaborated its theories and sacrificed comfort and 

success to their propagation。 

       ��18�А�The attitude of all the better Anarchists is that expressed by L。 S。 

Bevington in the words�此 �`Of course we know that among those who call 

themselves Anarchists there are a minority of unbalanced enthusiasts who 

look   upon   every   illegal   and   sensational   act   of   violence   as   a   matter   for 

hysterical jubilation。 Very useful to the police and the press�察�unsteady in 

intellect    and   of   weak    moral     principle�察  �they    have   repeatedly     shown 

themselves   accessible   to   venal   considerations。   They�察  �and   their   violence�察�

and their professed Anarchism are purchasable�察�and in the last resort they 

are welcome and efficient partisans of the bourgeoisie in its remorseless 

war against the deliverers of the people。'' His conclusion is a very wise one�此�

``Let us leave indiscriminate killing and injuring to the Governmentto its 

Statesmen�察�its Stockbrokers�察�its Officers�察�and its Law。'' �─�`Anarchism and 

Violence��'' pp。 9´10。       Liberty Press�察�Chiswick�察�1896。�� 

       The terrorist campaign in which such men as Ravachol were active 

practically came to an end in 1894。 After that time�察�under the influence of 

Pelloutier�察  �the   better   sort   of   Anarchists   found   a   less   harmful   outlet   by 

advocating   Revolutionary  Syndicalism  in   the Trade   Unions   and   Bourses 

du Travail。��19�А�

       ��19�А�See next Chapter。 

       The ECONOMIC organization of society�察�as conceived by Anarchist 

Communists�察       �does    not   differ   greatly   from    that   which    is  sought    by 

Socialists。 Their difference from Socialists is in the matter of government�此�

they demand that government shall require the consent of all the governed�察�

and not only of a majority。 It is undeniable that the rule of a majority may 

be almost as hostile to freedom as the rule of a minority�此�the divine right 

of majorities is a dogma as little possessed of absolute truth as any other。 

A  strong   democratic   State   may   easily   be   led   into   oppression   of   its   best 

citizens�察 �namely�察  �those   those   independence   of   mind   would   make   them  a 

force   for   progress。   Experience   of   democratic   parliamentary   government 

has shown that it falls very far short of what was expected of it by early 

Socialists�察�and the Anarchist revolt against it is not surprising。 But in the 



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form of pure Anarchism�察�this revolt has remained weak and sporadic。 It is 

Syndicalism�察�and the movements to which Syndicalism has given rise�察�that 

have popularized the revolt against parliamentary government and purely 

political means of emancipating the wage earner。 But this movement must 

be dealt with in a separate chapter。 



                                    CHAPTER III 



                            THE SYNDICALIST REVOLT 

       SYNDICALISM            arose    in   France    as   a  revolt    against    political 

Socialism�察�and in order to understand it we must trace in brief outline the 

positions attained by Socialist parties in the various countries。 

     After a severe setback�察�caused by the Franco´ Prussian war�察�Socialism 

gradually   revived�察  �and   in   all   the   countries   of   Western   Europe   Socialist 

parties have increased their numerical strength almost continuously during 

the last forty years�察�but�察�as is invariably the case with a growing sect�察�the 

intensity of faith has diminished as the number of believers has increased。 

     In   Germany   the   Socialist   party   became   the   strongest   faction   of   the 

Reichstag�察�and�察 �in   spite of differences   of opinion   among   its   members�察 �it 

preserved its formal unity with that instinct for military discipline which 

characterizes   the   German       nation。   In  the   Reichstag    election   of   1912   it 

polled a third of the total number of votes cast�察�and returned 110 members 

out   of   a   total   of   397。   After   the   death   of   Bebel�察  �the   Revisionists�察  �who 

received     their  first  impulse    from    Bernstein�察   �overcame     the   more    strict 

Marxians�察     �and    the  party    became     in  effect   merely    one    of  advanced 

Radicalism。   It   is   too   soon   to   guess   what   will   be   the   effect   of   the   split 

between Majority and Minority Socialists which has occurred during the 

war。 There is in Germany hardly a trace of Syndicalism�察�its characteristic 

doctrine�察�the preference of industrial to political action�察�has found scarcely 

any support。 

     In England Marx has never had many followers。 Socialism there has 

been   inspired   in   the  main   by  the  Fabians   ��founded   in   1883���察 �who   threw 

over   the   advocacy  of   revolution�察  �the   Marxian   doctrine   of value�察  �and   the 

class´war。      What    remained      was    State   Socialism      and   a   doctrine    of 



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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



``permeation。''   Civil   servants   were   to   be   permeated   with   the   realization 

that Socialism would enormously increase their power。 Trade Unions were 

to   be   permeated   with   the   belief   that   the   day  for   purely   industrial   action 

was   past�察  �and   that   they   must   look   to   government   ��inspired   secretly   by 

sympathetic   civil   servants��   to   bring   about�察  �bit   by   bit�察  �such   parts   of   the 

Socialist program  as   were  not likely  to   rouse  much   hostility  in   the   rich。 

The Independent Labor Party ��formed in 1893�� was largely inspired at first 

by   the   ideas   of   the   Fabians�察  �though   retaining   to   the   present   day�察      �and 

especially      since   the   outbreak     of   the   war�察  �much     more    of   the   original 

Socialist      ardor。   It  aimed     always      at  co´operation       with    the   industrial 

organizations of wage´earners�察�and�察�chiefly through its efforts�察�the Labor 

Party��20�А�was formed in 1900 out of a combination of the Trade Unions 

and   the   political   Socialists。   To   this   party�察  �since   1909�察  �all   the   important 

Unions have belonged�察�but in spite of the fact that its strength is derived 

from Trade Unions�察�it has stood always for political rather than industrial 

action。 Its Socialism has been of a theoretical and academic order�察�and in 

practice�察�until the outbreak of war�察�the Labor members in Parliament ��of 

whom   30   were   elected   in   1906   and   42   in   December�察  �1910��   might   be 

reckoned almost as a part of the Liberal Party。 

        ��20�А�Of which the Independent Labor Party is only a section。 

        France�察  �unlike   England   and   Germany�察  �was   not   content   merely   to 

repeat     the  old   shibboleths      with   continually   diminishing         conviction。     In 

France��21�А       �a   new     movement�察        �originally     known       as   Revolutionary 

Syndicalismand afterward simply as Syndicalism kept alive the vigor 

of    the  original    impulse�察    �and    remained      true  to   the  spirit   of  the   older 

Socialists�察�while departing from the letter。 Syndicalism�察�unlike Socialism 

and Anarchism�察  �began   from   an   existing   organization   and   developed   the 

ideas appropriate to it�察�whereas Socialism and Anarchism began with the 

ideas   and   only   afterward   developed   the   organizations   which   were   their 

vehicle。   In   order   to   understand   Syndicalism�察  �we   have   first   to   describe 

Trade   Union  
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��2�� 家��3��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��