嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及15何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



but it is obviously an international plant�察�whose roots have already found 

the soil of Britain most congenial to its growth and fructification。 

     Collectivist   or   Marxian   Socialism   would   have   us   believe   that   it   is 

distinctly a LABOR Movement�察�but it is not so。 Neither is Anarchism。 The 

one   is   substantially   bourgeois�察  �the   other   aristocratic�察  �plus   an   abundant 

output   of   book´learning�察  �in   either   case。   Syndicalism�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �is 



                                                50 


´ Page 51´

                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



indubitably      laborist    in  origin   and    aim�察  �owing     next   to  nothing    to   the 

``Classes��''   and�察  �indeed�撮察  �resolute   to   uproot   them。   The   Times   ��Oct。   13�察�

1910���察�which almost single´handed in the British Press has kept creditably 

abreast of Continental Syndicalism�察�thus clearly set forth the significance 

of the General Strike�此�

       ``To   understand   what   it   means�察  �we   must   remember   that   there   is   in 

France a powerful Labor Organization which has for its open and avowed 

object a Revolution�察�in which not only the present order of Society�察�but the 

State itself�察�is to be swept away。 This movement is called Syndicalism。 It 

is   not   Socialism�察  �but�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �radically   opposed   to   Socialism�察�

because the Syndicalists hold that the State is the great enemy and that the 

Socialists' ideal of State or Collectivist Ownership would make the lot of 

the   Workers   much   worse   than   it   is   now   under   private   employers。   The 

means by which they hope to attain their end is the General Strike�察�an idea 

which   was   invented   by   a   French   workman   about   twenty   years   ago�撮�27�А�

and   was   adopted   by  the  French   Labor  Congress in   1894�察 �after  a   furious 

battle with the Socialists�察�in which the latter were worsted。 Since then the 

General   Strike   has   been   the   avowed   policy   of   the   Syndicalists�察  �whose 

organization is the Confederation Generale du Travail。'' 

       ��27�А�In fact the General Strike was invented by a Londoner William 

Benbow�察�an Owenite�察�in 1831。 

       Or�察�to put it otherwise�察�the intelligent French worker has awakened�察�

as   he   believes�察  �to   the   fact that   Society  ��Societas��   and   the   State   ��Civitas�� 

connote two separable spheres of human activity�察�between which there is 

no   connection�察  �necessary   or   desirable。   Without   the   one�察         �man�察  �being   a 

gregarious      animal�察    �cannot    subsist�此  �while    without     the  other    he   would 

simply      be   in  clover。   The    ``statesman''     whom      office   does    not   render 

positively nefarious is at best an expensive superfluity。 

       Syndicalists   have   had   many   violent   encounters   with   the   forces   of 

government。   In   1907   and   1908�察  �protesting   against   bloodshed   which   had 

occurred in the suppression of strikes�察�the Committee of the C。 G。 T。 issued 

manifestoes speaking of the Government as ``a Government of assassins'' 

and alluding to the Prime Minister as ``Clemenceau the murderer。'' Similar 

events in the strike at Villeneuve St。 Georges in 1908 led to the arrest of all 



                                                 51 


´ Page 52´

                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



the leading members of the Committee。 In the railway strike of October�察�

1910�察    �Monsieur      Briand    arrested   the   Strike   Committee�察     �mobilized     the 

railway   men   and   sent   soldiers   to   replace   strikers。   As   a   result   of   these 

vigorous measures the strike   was   completely defeated�察 �and after this the 

chief    energy     of   the  C。   G。   T。   was    directed    against    militarism    and 

nationalism。 

     The attitude of Anarchism to the Syndicalist movement is sympathetic�察�

with the reservation that such methods as the General Strike are not to be 

regarded   as   substitutes   for   the   violent   revolution   which   most Anarchists 

consider     necessary。     Their   attitude    in  this  matter    was    defined    at  the 

International Anarchist Congress held in Amsterdam in August�察�1907。 This 

Congress recommended ``comrades of all countries to actively participate 

in   autonomous       movements       of   the  working      class�察 �and   to   develop    in 

Syndicalist      organizations     the  ideas   of   revolt�察 �individual     initiative  and 

solidarity�察   �which     are  the   essence    of   Anarchism。''     Comrades      were    to 

``propagate   and   support   only   those   forms   and   manifestations   of   direct 

action which carry�察�in themselves�察�a revolutionary character and lead to the 

transformation of society。'' It was resolved that ``the Anarchists think that 

the    destruction    of   the  capitalist   and   authoritary     society   can   only    be 

realized by armed insurrection and violent expropriation�察�and that the use 

of the more or less General Strike and the Syndicalist movement must not 

make us forget the more direct means of struggle against the military force 

of government。'' 

     Syndicalists might retort that when the movement is strong enough to 

win by armed insurrection it will be abundantly strong enough to win by 

the    General     Strike。   In  Labor     movements       generally�察   �success    through 

violence   can   hardly   be   expected   except   in   circumstances   where   success 

without violence is attainable。 This argument alone�察�even if there were no 

other�察�would be a very powerful reason against the methods advocated by 

the Anarchist Congress。 

     Syndicalism       stands    for  what    is  known     as  industrial    unionism     as 

opposed   to   craft   unionism。   In   this   respect�察  �as   also   in   the   preference   of 

industrial to political methods�察�it is part of a movement which has spread 

far beyond France。 The distinction between industrial and craft unionism 



                                                52 


´ Page 53´

                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



is   much     dwelt   on   by   Mr。   Cole。    Craft   unionism     ``unites   in  a   single 

association those workers who are engaged on a single industrial process�察�

or on processes so nearly akin that any one can do another's work。'' But 

``organization may follow the lines�察�not of the work done�察�but of the actual 

structure of industry。 All workers working at producing a particular kind of 

commodity        may    be   organized     in  a  single   Union。    。  。  。  The  basis   of 

organization would be neither the craft to which a man belonged nor the 

employer      under    whom      he  worked�察    �but   the  service    on  which     he  was 

engaged。 This is Industrial Unionism properly so called。��28�А�

       ��28�А �`World of Labour��'' pp。 212�察�213。 

       Industrial unionism is a product of America�察�and from America it has 

to some extent spread to Great Britain。 It is the natural form of fighting 

organization when the union is regarded as the means of carrying on the 

class war with a view�察�not to obtaining this or that minor amelioration�察�but 

to a radical revolution in the economic system。 This is the point of view 

adopted   by  the   ``Industrial Workers   of the World��''   commonly  known   as 

the   I。   W。   W。   This   organization   more   or   less   corresponds   in   America   to 

what the C。 G。 T。 was in France before the war。 The differences between 

the two are those due to the different economic circumstances of the two 

countries�察�but their spirit is closely analogous。 The I。 W。 W。 is not united as 

to the ultimate form which it wishes society to take。 There are Socialists�察�

Anarchists   and   Syndicalists   among   its   members。   But   it   is   clear   on   the 

immediate practical issue�察�that the class war is the fundamental reality in 

the present relations of labor and capital�察�and that it is by industrial action�察�

especially by the strike�察�that emancipation must be sought。 The I。 W。 W。�察�

like the C。 G。 T。�察�is not nearly so strong numerically as it is supposed to be 

by those who fear it。 Its influence is based�察�not upon its numbers�察�but upon 

its power of enlisting the sympathies of the workers in moments of crisis。 

     The labor movement in America has been characterized on both sides 

by   very   great   violence。   Indeed�察  �the   Secretary   of   the   C。   G。   T。�察  �Monsieur 

Jouhaux�察�recognizes that the C。 G。 T。 is mild in comparison with the I。 W。 

W。   ``The   I。   W。   W。��''   he   says�察   �`preach   a   policy   of   militant   action�察  �very 

necessary in parts of America�察�which would not do in France。''��29�А�A very 

interesting account of it�察�from the point of view of an author who is neither 



                                                53 


´ Page 54´

                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



wholly  on   the  side of   labor  nor   wholly  on the  side of   the  capitalist�察  �but 

disinterestedly anxious to find some solution of the social question short 

of violence and revolution�察�is the work of Mr。 John Graham Brooks�察�called 

``American Syndicalism�此�the I。 W。 W。'' ��Macmillan�察�1913��。 American labor 

conditions are very different from those of Europe。 In the first place�察�the 

power   of   the   trusts   is   enormous�察  �the   concentration   of   capital   has   in   this 

respect      proceeded      more     nearly     on   Marxian      lines    in   America      than 

anywhere else。 In the second place�察�the great influx of foreign labor makes 

the   whole   problem   quite   different   from   any   that   arises   in   Europe。   The 

older skilled workers�察�largely American born�察�have long been organized in 

the American Federation of Labor under Mr。 Gompers。
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��2�� 家��3��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��