嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及21何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



undertook it。 But this need not cause any fundamental objection。 

     There would�察�of course�察�be a certain proportion of the population who 

would prefer idleness。 Provided the proportion were small�察�this need not 

matter。     And    among      those   who     would     be   classed    as  idlers   might     be 

included   artists�察  �writers   of   books�察  �men   devoted   to   abstract   intellectual 

pursuitsin short�察�all those whom society despises while they are alive and 

honors when they are dead。 To such men�察�the possibility of pursuing their 

own   work   regardless   of   any   public   recognition   of   its   utility   would   be 

invaluable。 Whoever will observe how many of our poets have been men 

of    private    means     will   realize   how     much     poetic    capacity     must    have 

remained undeveloped through poverty�察�for it would be absurd to suppose 

that   the   rich   are   better   endowed   by   nature   with   the   capacity   for   poetry。 

Freedom for such men�察�few as they are�察�must be set against the waste of 

the mere idlers。 

     So far�察�we have set forth the arguments in favor of the Anarchist plan。 

They  are�察  �to   my   mind�察  �sufficient   to   make   it   seem   possible   that   the   plan 

might succeed�察�but not sufficient to make it so probable that it would be 

wise to try it。 

     The question of the feasibility of the Anarchist proposals in regard to 

distribution      is�察 �like  so   many    other    questions�察    �a  quantitative     one。   The 

Anarchist       proposals     consist    of   two    parts�此  。�1��   That   all   the   common 

commodities   should          be   supplied   ad   lib。   to   all   applicants�察  。�2��   That   no 

obligation to work�察�or economic reward for work�察�should be imposed on 

anyone。   These   two   proposals   are   not   necessarily   inseparable�察  �nor   does 

either     entail   the   whole     system     of  Anarchism�察      �though      without     them 

Anarchism        would     hardly     be   possible。    As    regards    the   first  of   these 

proposals�察      �it  can    be   carried    out    even    now     with    regard     to   some 

commodities�察  �and   it   could   be   carried   out   in   no   very   distant   future   with 

regard   to   many   more。   It   is   a   flexible   plan�察  �since   this   or   that   article   of 

consumption could be placed on the free list or taken of as circumstances 

might dictate。 Its advantages are many and various�察�and the practice of the 

world tends to develop in this direction。 I think we may conclude that this 

part of the Anarchists' system might well be adopted bit by bit�察�reaching 



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gradually the full extension that they desire。 

     But as regards the second proposal�察�that there should be no obligation 

to   work�察  �and   no   economic   reward   for   work�察  �the   matter   is   much   more 

doubtful。  Anarchists   always   assume   that   if   their   schemes   were   put   into 

operation   practically   everyone   would   work�察  �but   although   there   is   very 

much   more   to   be  said   for  this   view   than   most   people   would   concede   at 

first sight�察�yet it is questionable whether there is enough to be said to make 

it true for practical purposes。 Perhaps�察�in a community where industry had 

become       habitual    through     economic      pressure�察   �public    opinion    might     be 

sufficiently   powerful   to   compel   most   men   to   work�撮�44�А  �but   it   is   always 

doubtful   how   far   such   a   state   of   things   would   be   permanent。   If   public 

opinion is to be really effective�察�it will be necessary to have some method 

of dividing the community into small groups�察�and to allow each group to 

consume   only   the   equivalent   of   what   it   produces。   This   will   make   the 

economic motive operative upon the group�察�which�察�since we are supposing 

it   small�察  �will   feel   that   its   collective   share   is   appreciably   diminished   by 

each   idle   individual。   Such   a   system   might   be   feasible�察  �but   it   would   be 

contrary to the whole spirit of Anarchism and would destroy the main lines 

of its economic system。 

       ��44�А �`As to the so´often repeated objection that nobody would labor 

if he were not compelled to do so by sheer necessity�察�we heard enough of 

it   before   the   emancipation   of   slaves   in   America�察  �as   well   as   before   the 

emancipation        of   serfs   in   Russia�察  �and   we   have   had   the   opportunity   of 

appreciating it at its just value。 So we shall not try to convince those who 

can   be   convinced   only   by   accomplished   facts。 As   to   those   who   reason�察�

they ought to know that�察�if it really was so with some parts of humanity at 

its lowest stagesand yet�察�what do we know about it��or if it is so with 

some small communities�察�or separate individuals�察�brought to sheer despair 

by ill´success in their struggle against unfavorable conditions�察�it is not so 

with    the   bulk   of   the  civilized    nations。    With    us�察 �work    is  a  habit�察  �and 

idleness an artificial growth。'' Kropotkin�察 �`Anarchist Communism��'' p。 30。 

       The attitude of orthodox Socialism on this question is quite different 

from     that   of   Anarchism。��45�А        �Among      the   more     immediate       measures 

advocated in the ``Communist Manifesto'' is ``equal liability of all to labor。 



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Establishment         of   industrial    armies�察    �especially      for   agriculture。''    The 

Socialist     theory   is   that�察 �in  general�察   �work     alone   gives    the  right   to  the 

enjoyment of the produce of work。 To this theory there will�察�of course�察�be 

exceptions�此�the old and the very young�察�the infirm and those whose work 

is   temporarily      not    required    through     no    fault   of  their   own。     But   the 

fundamental conception of Socialism�察�in regard to our present question�察�is 

that   all   who   can   should   be   compelled   to   work�察  �either   by   the   threat   of 

starvation or by the operation of the criminal law。 And�察�of course�察�the only 

kind of work recognized will be such as commends itself to the authorities。 

Writing   books   against   Socialism�察  �or   against   any   theory  embodied   in   the 

government   of   the   day�察  �would   certainly   not   be   recognized   as   work。   No 

more would the   painting of   pictures in a different   style   from  that   of   the 

Royal Academy�察  �or   producing   plays   unpleasing   to   the   censor。 Any   new 

line   of   thought   would   be   banned�察  �unless   by   influence   or   corruption   the 

thinker could crawl into the good graces of the pundits。 These results are 

not   foreseen   by   Socialists�察  �because   they   imagine   that   the   Socialist   State 

will be governed by men like those who now advocate it。 This is�察�of course�察�

a delusion。 The rulers of the State then will bear as little resemblance to 

the pres´ ent Socialists as the dignitaries of the Church after the time of 

Constantine   bore   to   the Apostles。   The   men   who   advocate   an   unpopular 

reform are exceptional in disinterestedness and zeal for the public good�察�

but those who hold power after the reform has been carried out are likely 

to belong�察 �in the   main�察 �to the   ambitious   executive   type   which   has   in   all 

ages possessed itself of the government of nations。 And this type has never 

shown itself tolerant of opposition or friendly to freedom。 

        ��45�А   �`While      holding      this   synthetic     view     on    production�察     �the 

Anarchists       cannot    consider�察   �like   the   Collectivists�察   �that   a  remuneration 

which would be proportionate to the hours of labor spent by each person 

in   the   production   of   riches   may   be   an   ideal�察  �or   even   an   approach   to   an 

ideal�察�society。'' Kropotkin�察 �`Anarchist Communism��'' p。 20。 

        It   would   seem�察  �then�察  �that   if   the Anarchist   plan   has   its   dangers�察  �the 

Socialist plan has at least equal dangers。 It is true that the evils we have 

been     foreseeing     under    Socialism      exist   at  present�察   �but   the  purpose     of 

Socialists is to cure the evils of the world as it is�察�they cannot be content 



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                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



with the argument that they would make things no worse。 

     Anarchism has the advantage as regards liberty�察�Socialism as regards 

the inducements to work。 Can we not find a method of combining these 

two advantages�拭�It seems to me that we can。 

     We   saw   that�察  �provided   most   people   work   in   moderation�察  �and   their 

work is rendered   as productive as science and organization   can make   it�察�

there is no good reason why the necessaries of life should not be supplied 

freely  to   all。   Our  only  serious   doubt   was   as   to   whether�察  �in   an Anarchist 

regime�察�the motives for work would be sufficiently powerful to prevent a 

dan´ gerously large amount of idleness。 But it would be easy to decree that�察�

though      necessaries      should    be    free   to   all�察 �whatever      went    beyond 

necessaries should only be given to those who were willing to worknot�察�

as is usual at present�察�only to those in work at any moment�察�but also to all 

those who�察�when they happened not to be working�察�were idle through no 

fault of their own。 We find at present that a man who has a small income 

from   investments�察  �just   sufficient   to   keep   him   from   actual   want�察  �almost 

alway
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酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��