嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及26何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



little   we   may    agree   with    the  proposal     to  force   the   millennium      on   a 

reluctant community by starvation�察�we may yet agree that much of what 

the Syndicalists desire to achieve is desirable。 

     Let    us   dismiss    from    our   minds    such    criticisms    of  parliamentary 

government as are bound up with the present system of private property�察�

and     consider    only    those   which     would     remain     true  in   a  collectivist 

community。        Certain     defects    seem     inherent     in   the   very    nature    of 

representative institutions。 There is a sense of self´importance�察�inseparable 

from success in a contest for popular favor。 There is an all´but unavoidable 

habit   of   hypocrisy�察  �since   experience   shows   that   the   democracy   does   not 

detect insincerity in an orator�察�and will�察�on the other hand�察�be shocked by 

things which even the most sincere men may think necessary。 Hence arises 

a   tone   of   cynicism   among   elected   representatives�察  �and   a   feeling   that   no 

man can retain his position in politics without deceit。 This is as much the 

fault of the democracy as of the representatives�察�but it seems unavoidable 

so    long   as   the  main    thing    that  all  bodies    of   men    demand      of  their 

champions   is   flattery。   However   the   blame   may   be   apportioned�察  �the   evil 

must be recognized as one which is bound to occur in the existing forms of 

democracy。 Another evil�察�which is especially noticeable in large States�察�is 

the remoteness of the seat of government from many of the constituencies´ 

´a   remoteness   which   is psychological   even   more   than geographical。 The 

legislators     live  in  comfort�察    �protected    by   thick   walls   and   innumerable 

policemen from the voice of the mob�察�as time goes on they remember only 



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dimly the passions and promises of their electoral campaign�察�they come to 

feel it   an   essential   part   of   statesmanship to   consider   what   are   called   the 

interests     of   the  community        as   a  whole�察    �rather   than    those    of   some 

discontented   group�察  �but   the   interests   of   the   community   as   a   whole   are 

sufficiently vague to be easily seen to coincide with self´interest。 All these 

causes lead Parliaments to betray the people�察�consciously or unconsciously�察�

and    it  is  no   wonder     if  they   have    produced      a  certain   aloofness     from 

democratic theory in the more vigorous champions of labor。 

     Majority rule�察�as it exists in large States�察�is subject to the fatal defect 

that�察�in a very great number of questions�察�only a fraction of the nation have 

any   direct   interest   or   knowledge�察  �yet   the   others   have   an   equal   voice   in 

their settlement。 When people have no direct interest in a question they are 

very apt to be influenced by irrelevant considerations�察�this is shown in the 

extraordinary       reluctance     to  grant    autonomy      to   subordinate     nations     or 

groups。 For this reason�察�it is very dangerous to allow the nation as a whole 

to   decide   on   matters   which   concern   only   a   small   section�察  �whether   that 

section be geographical or industrial or defined in any other way。 The best 

cure for   this   evil�察 �so   far   as   can   be  seen   at   present�察 �lies in   allowing   self´ 

government   to   every  important   group   within   a   nation   in   all   matters   that 

affect that group   much more than   they affect the   rest of the   community。 

The government of a group�察�chosen by the group�察�will be far more in touch 

with its constituents�察�far more conscious of their interests�察�than a remote 

Parliament   nominally   representing   the   whole   country。  The   most   original 

idea   in   Syndicalism   adopted   and   developed   by  the   Guild   Socialistsis 

the idea of making industries self´governing units so far as their internal 

affairs are concerned。 By this method�察�extended also to such other groups 

as have clearly separable interests�察�the evils which have shown themselves 

in representative democracy can�察�I believe�察�be largely overcome。 

     Guild   Socialists�察  �as   we  have  seen�察  �have  another   suggestion�察 �growing 

naturally out of the autonomy of industrial guilds�察�by which they hope to 

limit the power of the State and help to preserve individual liberty。 They 

propose      that�察 �in   addition    to  Parliament�察     �elected    ��as  at  present��     on   a 

territorial basis and representing the community as consumers�察�there shall 

also   be   a   ``Guild   Congress��''   a   glorified   successor   of   the   present   Trade 



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Union      Congress�察    �which    shall   consist    of  representatives      chosen    by   the 

Guilds�察�and shall represent the community as producers。 

     This method of diminishing the excessive power of the State has been 

attractively   set   forth   by   Mr。   G。   D。   H。   Cole   in   his   ``Self´Government   in 

Industry。''��54�А �`Where now��'' he says�察 �`the State passes a Factory Act�察�or a 

Coal   Mines   Regulation Act�察  �the   Guild   Congress   of   the   future   will   pass 

such Acts�察�and its power of enforcing them will be the same as that of the 

State'' ��p。 98��。 His ultimate ground for advocating this system is that�察�in his 

opinion�察  �it   will   tend   to   preserve   individual   liberty�此   �`The      fundamental 

reason for the preservation�察�in a democratic Society�察�of both the industrial 

and the political forms of Social organization is�察�it seems to me�察�that only 

by dividing the vast power now wielded by industrial capitalism can the 

individual hope to be free'' ��p。 91��。 

       ��54�А�Bell�察�1917。 

       Will the system suggested by Mr。 Cole have this result�拭�I think it is 

clear   that   it   would�察  �in   this   respect�察  �be   an   improvement   on   the   existing 

system。      Representative       government       cannot     but   be   improved      by   any 

method       which    brings    the   representatives       into   closer   touch    with    the 

interests concerned in their legislation�察�and this advantage probably would 

be secured by handing over questions of production to the Guild Congress。 

But   if�察  �in   spite   of   the   safeguards   proposed   by   the   Guild   Socialists�察  �the 

Guild Congress became all´powerful in such questions�察�if resistance to its 

will by a Guild which felt ill´used became practically hopeless�察�I fear that 

the   evils   now   connected   with   the   omnipotence   of   the   State   would   soon 

reappear。     Trade    Union     officials�察  �as   soon   as   they   become      part  of   the 

governing        forces    in   the    country�察   �tend     to   become      autocratic     and 

conservative�察  �they   lose   touch   with   their   constituents   and   gravitate�察  �by   a 

psychological sympathy�察�into co´operation with the powers that be。 Their 

formal      installation    in   authority    through     the   Guilds     Congress      would 

accelerate this process。 They would soon tend to combine�察�in effect if not 

obviously�察     �with   those    who    wield    authority    in  Parliament。      Apart    from 

occasional      conflicts�察   �comparable      to   the  rivalry   of   opposing     financiers 

which now sometimes disturbs the harmony of the capitalist world�察�there 

would�察�at most times�察�be agreement between the dominant personalities in 



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the two Houses。 And such harmony would filch away from the individual 

the liberty which he had hoped to secure by the quarrels of his masters。 

     There     is  no   method�察    �if  we    are  not   mistaken�察    �by   which    a   body 

representing the whole community�察�whether as producers or consumers or 

both�察�can alone be a sufficient guardian of individual liberty。 The only way 

of   preserving   sufficient   liberty   ��and   even   this   will   be   inadequate   in   the 

case of very small minorities�� is the organization of citizens with special 

interests   into   groups�察  �determined   to   preserve   autonomy   as   regards   their 

internal affairs�察�willing to resist interference by a strike if necessary�察�and 

sufficiently     powerful     ��either   in  themselves      or  through    their   power    of 

appealing to public sympathy�� to be able to resist the organized forces of 

government successfully when their cause is such as many men think just。 

If   this   method     is  to  be   successful     we   must    have    not   only   suitable 

organizations   but   also   a   diffused   respect   for   liberty�察  �and   an   absence   of 

submissiveness to government both in theory and practice。 Some risk of 

disorder     there   must    be  in   such   a  society�察  �but   this  risk  is  as  nothing 

compared   to   the   danger   of   stagnation   which   is   inseparable   from   an   all´ 

powerful central authority。 

     We may now sum up our discussion of the powers of Government。 

     The     State�察  �in  spite   of   what    Anarchists     urge�察  �seems     a  necessary 

institution     for  certain    purposes。    Peace    and    war�察  �tariffs�察 �regulation    of 

sanitary conditions and of the sale of noxious drugs�察�the preservation of a 

just system of distribution�此�these�察�among others�察�are functions which could 

hardly     be   performed     in  a   community      in   which    there   was    no  central 

government。 Take�察�for example�察�the liquor traffic�察�or the opium traffic in 

China。   If   alco
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酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��