嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及27何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



government。 Take�察�for example�察�the liquor traffic�察�or the opium traffic in 

China。   If   alcohol   could   be   obtained   at   cost   price   without   taxation�察  �still 

more if it could be obtained for nothing�察�as Anarchists presumably desire�察�

can we believe that there would not be a great and disastrous increase of 

drunkenness�拭�China was brought to the verge of ruin by opium�察�and every 

patriotic Chinaman desired to see the traffic in opium restricted。 In such 

matters   freedom   is   not   a   panacea�察  �and   some   degree   of   legal   restriction 

seems imperative for the national health。 

     But granting that the State�察�in some form�察�must continue�察�we must also 

grant�察�I think�察�that its powers ought to be very strictly limited to what is 



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absolutely   necessary。   There   is   no   way   of   limiting   its   powers   except   by 

means of groups which are jealous of their privileges and determined to 

preserve   their   autonomy�察  �even   if   this   should   involve   resistance   to   laws 

decreed by the State�察�when these laws interfere in the internal affairs of a 

group in ways not warranted by the public interest。 The glorification of the 

State�察�and the doctrine that it is every citizen's duty to serve the State�察�are 

radically against progress and against liberty。 The State�察�though at present 

a source of much evil�察�is also a means to certain good things�察�and will be 

needed so long as violent and destructive impulses remain common。 But it 

is MERELY a means�察�and a means which needs to be very carefully and 

sparingly used if it is not to do more harm than good。 It is not the State�察�

but the community�察�the worldwide community of all human beings present 

and future�察�that we ought to serve。 And a good community does not spring 

from     the  glory   of   the  State�察 �but   from    the  unfettered    development      of 

individuals�此    �from   happiness     in  daily   life�察 �from   congenial    work    giving 

opportunity      for   whatever     constructiveness      each   man    or   woman      may 

possess�察�from free personal relations embodying love and taking away the 

roots of envy in thwarted capacity from affection�察�and above all from the 

joy   of   life   and   its   expression  in   the   spontaneous   creations   of   art   and 

science。 It is these things that make an age or a nation worthy of existence�察�

and these things are not to be secured by bowing down before the State。 It 

is the individual in whom all that is good must be realized�察�and the free 

growth   of   the   individual   must   be   the   supreme   end   of   a   political   system 

which is to re´fashion the world。 



                                    CHAPTER VI 



                          INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 

       THE main objects which should be served by international relations 

may   be   taken   to   be   two�此  �First�察  �the   avoidance   of   wars�察  �and�察  �second�察  �the 

prevention of the oppression of weak nations by strong ones。 These two 

objects do not by any means necessarily lead in the same direction�察�since 

one   of   the   easiest   ways   of   securing   the   world's   peace   would   be   by   a 

combination        of   the  most    powerful      States   for   the   exploitation    and 



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oppression of the remainder。 This method�察�however�察�is not one which the 

lover of liberty can favor。 We must keep account of both aims and not be 

content with either alone。 

     One of the commonplaces of both Socialism and Anarchism is that all 

modern   wars   are   due   to   capitalism�察  �and   would   cease   if   capitalism   were 

abolished。 This view�察�to my mind�察�is only a half´truth�察�the half that is true 

is important�察�but the half that is untrue is perhaps equally important when 

a fundamental reconstruction of society is being considered。 

     Socialist   and Anarchist   critics   of   existing   society   point�察  �with   perfect 

truth�察�to certain capitalistic factors which promote war。 The first of these is 

the   desire   of   finance   to   find   new   fields   of   investment   in   undeveloped 

countries。 Mr。 J。 A。 Hobson�察�an author who is by no means extreme in his 

views�察�has well stated this point in his book on ``The Evolution of Modern 

Capitalism。''��55�А�He says�此�

       ��55�А�Walter Scott Publishing Company�察�1906�察�p。 262。 

       The economic tap´root�察�the chief directing motive of all the modern 

imperialistic expansion�察�is the pressure of capitalist industries for markets�察�

primarily markets for investment�察�secondarily markets for surplus products 

of   home   industry。   Where   the   concentration   of   capital   has   gone   furthest�察�

and     where     a  rigorous     protective    system     prevails�察   �this  pressure     is 

necessarily   strongest。   Not   merely   do   the   trusts   and   other   manufacturing 

trades that restrict their output for the home market more urgently require 

foreign     markets�察   �but   they  are   also   more    anxious    to  secure    protected 

markets�察�and this can only be achieved by extending the area of political 

rule。 This   is   the   essential   significance  of   the   recent   change   in American 

foreign policy as illustrated by the Spanish War�察�the Philippine annexation�察�

the Panama policy�察�and the new application of the Monroe doctrine to the 

South American States。 South America is needed as a preferential market 

for investment of trust ``profits'' and surplus trust products�此�if in time these 

states   can   be   brought    within   a   Zollverein   under   the   suzerainty   of   the 

United States�察�the financial area of operations receives a notable accession。 

China as a field of railway enterprise and general industrial development 

already begins to loom large in the eyes of foresighted American business 

men�察�the growing trade in American cotton and other goods in that country 



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will    be  a   subordinate     consideration      to  the   expansion     of   the  area   for 

American       investments。      Diplomatic      pressure�察   �armed     force�察  �and�察  �where 

desirable�察 �seizure of   territory  for  political   control�察 �will be   engineered   by 

the financial magnates who control the political destiny of America。 The 

strong     and    expensive       American      navy     now     beginning      to   be   built 

incidentally   serves   the   purpose   of   affording   profitable   contracts   to   the 

shipbuilding and metal industries�此�its real meaning and use is to forward 

the aggressive political policy imposed upon the nation by the economic 

needs of the financial capitalists。 

     It should be clearly understood that this constant pressure to extend the 

area   of   markets   is   not   a   necessary  implication of   all   forms   of   organized 

industry。   If   competition   was   displaced   by   combinations   of   a   genuinely 

cooperative   character   in   which   the   whole   gain   of   improved   economies 

passed�察�either to the workers in wages�察�or to large bodies of investors in 

dividends�察  �the   expansion   of   demand   in   the   home   markets   would   be   so 

great as to give full employment to the productive powers of concentrated 

capital�察   �and    there    would     be   no   self´accumulating        masses     of   profit 

expressing themselves in new credit and demanding external employment。 

It   is  the  ``monopoly''      profits   of  trusts   and   combines�察     �taken    either  in 

construction�察      �financial    operation�察   �or   industrial    working�察     �that  form     a 

gathering      fund    of  self´accumulating        credit   whose     possession      by   the 

financial     class   implies     a  contracted     demand      for   commodities       and    a 

correspondingly restricted employment for capital in American industries。 

Within certain limits relief can be found by stimulation of the export trade 

under cover of a high protective tariff which forbids all interference with 

monopoly   of   the   home   markets。   But   it   is   extremely   difficult   for   trusts 

adapted to the requirements of a profitable tied market at home to adjust 

their methods of free competition in the world markets upon a profitable 

basis   of   steady   trading。   Moreover�察      �such   a  mode   of    expansion   is    only 

appropriate       to  certain    manufacturing       trusts�此  �the   owners      of  railroad�察�

financial   and   other trusts   must look   always   more   to   foreign   investments 

for    their  surplus    profits。   This    ever´growing       need    for  fresh   fields   of 

investment for their profits is the great crux of the financial system�察�and 

threatens   to   dominate   the   future   economics   and   the   politics   of   the   great 



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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



Republic。 

     The     financial    economy       of   American      capitalism      exhibits    in  more 

dramatic      shape    a   tendency     common       to   the   finance    of   all  developed 

industrial   nations。   The   large�察     �easy   flow   of   capital   from   Great     Britain�察�

Germany�察�Austria�察  �France�察  �etc。�察  �into   South   African   or   Australian   mines�察�

into    Egyptian     bonds�察    �or  the   precarious     securities    of   South    American 

republics�察  �attests   the   same   general   pressure   which   increases   with   every 

development of financial machinery and the more profit
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