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proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及30何蛍
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Russian Revolution had been accompanied by a revolution in Germany�察�
the dramatic suddenness of the change might have shaken Europe�察�for the
moment�察 �out of its habits of thought�此 �the idea of fraternity might have
seemed�察�in the twinkling of an eye�察�to have entered the world of practical
politics�察�and no idea is so practical as the idea of the brotherhood of man�察�
if only people can be startled into believing in it。 If once the idea of
fraternity between nations were inaugurated with the faith and vigor
belonging to a new revolution�察 �all the difficulties surrounding it would
melt away�察�for all of them are due to suspicion and the tyranny of ancient
prejudice。 Those who ��as is common in the English´speaking world�� reject
revolution as a method�察 �and praise the gradual piecemeal development
which ��we are told�� constitutes solid progress�察 �overlook the effect of
dramatic events in changing the mood and the beliefs of whole
populations。 A simultaneous revolution in Germany and Russia would no
doubt have had such an effect�察�and would have made the creation of a new
world possible here and now。
Dis aliter visum�此�the millennium is not for our time。 The great moment
has passed�察�and for ourselves it is again the distant hope that must inspire
us�察�not the immediate breathless looking for the deliverance。��56�А�But we
have seen what might have been�察�and we know that great possibilities do
arise in times of crisis。 In some such sense as this�察�it may well be true that
the Socialist revolution is the road to universal peace�察�and that when it has
been traversed all the other conditions for the cessation of wars will grow
of themselves out of the changed mental and moral atmosphere。
��56�А�This was written in March�察�1918�察�almost the darkest moment of
the war。
There is a certain class of difficulties which surrounds the sober
idealist in all speculations about the not too distant future。 These are the
cases where the solution believed by most idealists to be universally
applicable is for some reason impossible�察 �and is�察 �at the same time�察�
objected to for base or interested motives by all upholders of existing
inequalities。 The case of Tropical Africa will illustrate what I mean。 It
would be difficult seriously to advocate the immediate introduction of
parliamentary government for the natives of this part of the world�察�even if
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it were accompanied by women's suffrage and proportional representation。
So far as I know�察�no one supposes the populations of these regions capable
of self´ determination�察�except Mr。 Lloyd George。 There can be no doubt
that�察�whatever regime may be introduced in Europe�察�African negroes will
for a long time to come be governed and exploited by Europeans。 If the
European States became Socialistic�察�and refused�察�under a Quixotic impulse�察�
to enrich themselves at the expense of the defenseless inhabitants of Africa�察�
those inhabitants would not thereby gain�察�on the contrary�察�they would lose�察�
for they would be handed over to the tender mercies of individual traders�察�
operating with armies of reprobate bravos�察�and committing every atrocity
to which the civilized barbarian is prone。 The European governments
cannot divest themselves of responsibility in regard to Africa。 They must
govern there�察 �and the best that can be hoped is that they should govern
with a minimum of cruelty and rapacity。 From the point of view of
preserving the peace of the world�察 �the problem is to parcel out the
advantages which white men derive from their position in Africa in such a
way that no nation shall feel a sense of injustice。 This problem is
comparatively simple�察 �and might no doubt be solved on the lines of the
war aims of the Inter´Allied Socialists。 But it is not this problem which I
wish to discuss。 What I wish to consider is�察�how could a Socialist or an
Anarchist community govern and administer an African region�察 �full of
natural wealth�察 �but inhabited by a quite uncivilized population�拭 �Unless
great precautions were taken the white community�察 �under the
circumstances�察 �would acquire the position and the instincts of a slave´
owner。 It would tend to keep the negroes down to the bare level of
subsistence�察 �while using the produce of their country to increase the
comfort and splendor of the Communist community。 It would do this with
that careful unconsciousness which now characterizes all the worst acts of
nations。 Administrators would be appointed and would be expected to
keep silence as to their methods。 Busybodies who reported horrors would
be disbelieved�察 �and would be said to be actuated by hatred toward the
existing regime and by a perverse love for every country but their own。 No
doubt�察�in the first generous enthusiasm accompanying the establishment of
the new regime at home�察 �there would be every intention of making the
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
natives happy�察�but gradually they would be forgotten�察�and only the tribute
coming from their country would be remembered。 I do not say that all
these evils are unavoidable�察�I say only that they will not be avoided unless
they are foreseen and a deliberate conscious effort is made to prevent their
realization。 If the white communities should ever reach the point of
wishing to carry out as far as possible the principles underlying the revolt
against capitalism�察�they will have to find a way of establishing an absolute
disinterestedness in their dealings with subject races。 It will be necessary
to avoid the faintest suggestion of capitalistic profit in the government of
Africa�察�and to spend in the countries themselves whatever they would be
able to spend if they were self´governing。 Moreover�察 �it must always be
remembered that backwardness in civilization is not necessarily incurable�察�
and that with time even the populations of Central Africa may become
capable of democratic self´government�察 �provided Europeans bend their
energies to this purpose。
The problem of Africa is�察�of course�察�a part of the wider problems of
Imperialism�察 �but it is that part in which the application of Socialist
principles is most difficult。 In regard to Asia�察 �and more particularly in
regard to India and Persia�察�the application of principles is clear in theory
though difficult in political practice。 The obstacles to self´government
which exist in Africa do not exist in the same measure in Asia。 What
stands in the way of freedom of Asiatic populations is not their lack of
intelligence�察�but only their lack of military prowess�察�which makes them an
easy prey to our lust for dominion。 This lust would probably be in
temporary abeyance on the morrow of a Socialist revolution�察�and at such a
moment a new departure in Asiatic policy might be taken with
permanently beneficial results。 I do not mean�察 �of course�察 �that we should
force upon India that form of democratic government which we have
developed for our own needs。 I mean rather that we should leave India to
choose its own form of government�察�its own manner of education and its
own type of civilization。 India has an ancient tradition�察�very different from
that of Western Europe�察�a tradition highly valued by educated Hindoos�察�but
not loved by our schools and colleges。 The Hindoo Nationalist feels that
his country has a type of culture containing elements of value that are
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absent�察�or much less marked�察�in the West�察�he wishes to be free to preserve
this�察�and desires political freedom for such reasons rather than for those
that would most naturally appeal to an Englishman in the same subject
position。 The belief of the European in his own Kultur tends to be fanatical
and ruthless�察 �and for this reason�察 �as much as for any other�察 �the
independence of extra´European civilization is of real importance to the
world�察�for it is not by a dead uniformity that the world as a whole is most
enriched。
I have set forth strongly all the major difficulties in the way of the
preservation of the world's peace�察�not because I believe these difficulties to
be insuperable�察 �but�察 �on the contrary�察 �because I believe that they can be
overcome if they are recognized。 A correct diagnosis is necessarily the first
step toward a cure。 The existing evils in international relations spring�察�at
bottom�察�from psychological causes�察�from motives forming part of human
nature as it is at present。 Among these the chief are competitiveness�察�love
of power�察�and en
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