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proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及30何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��





Russian   Revolution   had   been   accompanied   by   a   revolution   in   Germany�察�

the dramatic suddenness of the change might have shaken Europe�察�for the 

moment�察  �out   of   its   habits   of   thought�此  �the   idea   of   fraternity   might   have 

seemed�察�in the twinkling of an eye�察�to have entered the world of practical 

politics�察�and no idea is so practical as the idea of the brotherhood of man�察�

if   only   people   can   be   startled   into   believing   in   it。   If   once   the   idea   of 

fraternity     between     nations    were    inaugurated      with    the  faith   and   vigor 

belonging   to   a   new   revolution�察  �all   the   difficulties   surrounding   it   would 

melt away�察�for all of them are due to suspicion and the tyranny of ancient 

prejudice。 Those who ��as is common in the English´speaking world�� reject 

revolution   as   a   method�察  �and   praise   the   gradual   piecemeal   development 

which      ��we   are  told��   constitutes     solid  progress�察    �overlook     the  effect   of 

dramatic       events    in   changing      the   mood      and    the   beliefs    of   whole 

populations。 A simultaneous revolution in Germany and Russia would no 

doubt have had such an effect�察�and would have made the creation of a new 

world possible here and now。 

     Dis aliter visum�此�the millennium is not for our time。 The great moment 

has passed�察�and for ourselves it is again the distant hope that must inspire 

us�察�not the immediate breathless looking for the deliverance。��56�А�But we 

have seen what might have been�察�and we know that great possibilities do 

arise in times of crisis。 In some such sense as this�察�it may well be true that 

the Socialist revolution is the road to universal peace�察�and that when it has 

been traversed all the other conditions for the cessation of wars will grow 

of themselves out of the changed mental and moral atmosphere。 

       ��56�А�This was written in March�察�1918�察�almost the darkest moment of 

the war。 

       There   is   a   certain   class   of   difficulties   which   surrounds   the   sober 

idealist in all speculations about the not too distant future。 These are the 

cases     where    the   solution    believed    by   most    idealists   to  be   universally 

applicable      is  for   some    reason    impossible�察     �and   is�察 �at  the   same    time�察�

objected   to   for   base   or   interested   motives   by   all   upholders   of   existing 

inequalities。   The   case   of   Tropical   Africa   will   illustrate   what   I   mean。   It 

would   be   difficult   seriously   to   advocate   the   immediate   introduction   of 

parliamentary government for the natives of this part of the world�察�even if 



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it were accompanied by women's suffrage and proportional representation。 

So far as I know�察�no one supposes the populations of these regions capable 

of self´ determination�察�except Mr。 Lloyd George。 There can be no doubt 

that�察�whatever regime may be introduced in Europe�察�African negroes will 

for a long time to come be governed and exploited by Europeans。 If the 

European States became Socialistic�察�and refused�察�under a Quixotic impulse�察�

to enrich themselves at the expense of the defenseless inhabitants of Africa�察�

those inhabitants would not thereby gain�察�on the contrary�察�they would lose�察�

for they would be handed over to the tender mercies of individual traders�察�

operating with armies of reprobate bravos�察�and committing every atrocity 

to   which    the   civilized   barbarian    is  prone。   The    European     governments 

cannot divest themselves of responsibility in regard to Africa。 They must 

govern   there�察  �and   the   best   that   can   be   hoped   is   that   they  should   govern 

with    a  minimum       of  cruelty   and    rapacity。   From    the   point   of  view    of 

preserving      the  peace    of   the  world�察   �the  problem     is  to  parcel    out  the 

advantages which white men derive from their position in Africa in such a 

way     that   no  nation    shall   feel  a  sense    of   injustice。   This   problem     is 

comparatively  simple�察 �and   might no doubt   be  solved on   the  lines   of   the 

war aims of the Inter´Allied Socialists。 But it is not this problem which I 

wish to discuss。 What I wish to consider is�察�how could a Socialist or an 

Anarchist   community   govern   and   administer   an   African   region�察  �full   of 

natural   wealth�察  �but   inhabited   by   a   quite   uncivilized   population�拭  �Unless 

great     precautions       were     taken    the    white     community�察      �under      the 

circumstances�察  �would   acquire   the   position   and   the   instincts   of   a   slave´ 

owner。     It  would    tend   to  keep   the   negroes    down     to  the  bare   level   of 

subsistence�察     �while   using    the  produce     of  their  country     to  increase    the 

comfort and splendor of the Communist community。 It would do this with 

that careful unconsciousness which now characterizes all the worst acts of 

nations。   Administrators   would   be   appointed   and   would   be   expected   to 

keep silence as to their methods。 Busybodies who reported horrors would 

be   disbelieved�察  �and   would   be   said   to   be   actuated   by   hatred   toward   the 

existing regime and by a perverse love for every country but their own。 No 

doubt�察�in the first generous enthusiasm accompanying the establishment of 

the   new   regime   at   home�察  �there   would   be   every   intention   of   making   the 



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natives happy�察�but gradually they would be forgotten�察�and only the tribute 

coming   from   their   country   would   be   remembered。   I   do   not   say   that   all 

these evils are unavoidable�察�I say only that they will not be avoided unless 

they are foreseen and a deliberate conscious effort is made to prevent their 

realization。     If  the   white    communities       should    ever   reach    the   point   of 

wishing to carry out as far as possible the principles underlying the revolt 

against capitalism�察�they will have to find a way of establishing an absolute 

disinterestedness in their dealings with subject races。 It will be necessary 

to avoid the faintest suggestion of capitalistic profit in the government of 

Africa�察�and to spend in the countries themselves whatever they would be 

able   to   spend   if   they   were   self´governing。   Moreover�察  �it   must   always   be 

remembered that backwardness in civilization is not necessarily incurable�察�

and   that   with   time   even   the   populations   of   Central Africa   may   become 

capable   of   democratic   self´government�察  �provided   Europeans   bend   their 

energies to this purpose。 

     The problem of Africa is�察�of course�察�a part of the wider problems of 

Imperialism�察      �but   it  is  that  part   in  which     the  application     of   Socialist 

principles   is   most   difficult。   In   regard   to   Asia�察  �and   more   particularly   in 

regard to India and Persia�察�the application of principles is clear in theory 

though   difficult   in   political     practice。   The   obstacles   to    self´government 

which   exist   in   Africa   do   not   exist   in   the   same   measure   in   Asia。   What 

stands   in   the   way  of   freedom   of Asiatic   populations   is   not   their   lack   of 

intelligence�察�but only their lack of military prowess�察�which makes them an 

easy     prey   to  our   lust   for  dominion。      This   lust   would     probably     be  in 

temporary abeyance on the morrow of a Socialist revolution�察�and at such a 

moment        a   new    departure      in   Asiatic    policy     might    be    taken    with 

permanently beneficial   results。  I do   not   mean�察 �of course�察 �that   we should 

force   upon   India   that   form   of   democratic   government   which   we   have 

developed for our own needs。 I mean rather that we should leave India to 

choose its own form of government�察�its own manner of education and its 

own type of civilization。 India has an ancient tradition�察�very different from 

that of Western Europe�察�a tradition highly valued by educated Hindoos�察�but 

not loved by our schools and colleges。 The Hindoo Nationalist feels that 

his   country   has   a   type   of   culture   containing   elements   of   value   that   are 



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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



absent�察�or much less marked�察�in the West�察�he wishes to be free to preserve 

this�察�and   desires political freedom  for   such   reasons rather   than   for those 

that   would   most   naturally   appeal   to   an   Englishman   in   the   same   subject 

position。 The belief of the European in his own Kultur tends to be fanatical 

and     ruthless�察   �and    for   this   reason�察   �as   much     as   for   any    other�察   �the 

independence   of   extra´European   civilization   is   of   real   importance   to   the 

world�察�for it is not by a dead uniformity that the world as a whole is most 

enriched。 

     I   have   set   forth   strongly   all   the   major   difficulties   in   the   way   of   the 

preservation of the world's peace�察�not because I believe these difficulties to 

be   insuperable�察  �but�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �because   I   believe   that   they   can   be 

overcome if they are recognized。 A correct diagnosis is necessarily the first 

step toward a cure。 The existing evils in international relations spring�察�at 

bottom�察�from psychological causes�察�from motives forming part of human 

nature as it is at present。 Among these the chief are competitiveness�察�love 

of power�察�and en
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酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��