嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及31何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



nature as it is at present。 Among these the chief are competitiveness�察�love 

of power�察�and envy�察�using envy in that broad sense in which it includes the 

instinctive   dislike   of   any   gain   to   others   not   accompanied   by   an   at   least 

equal gain to ourselves。 The evils arising from these three causes can be 

removed by a better education and a better economic and political system。 

     Competitiveness   is   by   no   means   wholly   an   evil。   When   it   takes   the 

form   of   emulation   in   the   service   of   the   public�察  �or   in   discovery   or   the 

production of works of art�察�it may become a very useful stimulus�察�urging 

men   to   profitable   effort   beyond   what   they   would   otherwise   make。   It   is 

only harmful when it aims at the acquisition of goods which are limited in 

amount�察�so that what one man possesses he holds at the expense of another。 

When   competitiveness   takes   this   form  it   is   necessarily   attended   by   fear�察�

and out of fear cruelty is almost inevitably developed。 But a social system 

providing for a more just distribution of material goods might close to the 

instinct   of   competitiveness   those   channels   in   which   it   is   harmful�察  �and 

cause it to flow instead in channels in which it would become a benefit to 

mankind。 This is one great reason why the communal ownership of land 

and capital would be likely to have a beneficial effect upon human nature�察�

for human nature�察�as it exists in adult men and women�察�is by no means a 

fixed   datum�察  �but   a   product   of   circumstances�察  �education   and   opportunity 



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operating upon a highly malleable native disposition。 

     What is true of competitiveness is equally true of love of power。 Power�察�

in   the   form   in   which   it   is   now   usually   sought�察  �is   power   of   command�察�

power   of   imposing   one's   will   upon   others   by   force�察  �open   or   concealed。 

This form of power consists�察�in essence�察�in thwarting others�察�for it is only 

displayed when others are compelled to do what they do not wish to do。 

Such power�察 �we  hope�察 �the social system  which is to   supersede  capitalist 

will   reduce    to  a  minimum       by   the  methods     which    we    outlined    in  the 

preceding chapter。 These methods can be applied in international no less 

than    in  national    affairs。   In  international     affairs  the   same    formula     of 

federalism   will   apply�此  �self´   determination   for   every   group   in   regard   to 

matters which concern it much more vitally than they concern others�察�and 

government by a neutral authority embracing rival groups in all matters in 

which conflicting interests of groups come into play�察�lout always with the 

fixed principle that the functions of government are to be reduced to the 

bare    minimum       compatible     with    justice   and   the  prevention     of   private 

violence。 In such a world the present harmful outlets for the love of power 

would be closed。 But the power which consists in persuasion�察�in teaching�察�

in leading men to a new wisdom or the realization of new possibilities of 

happinessthis   kind   of   power�察  �which   may   be   wholly   beneficial�察  �would 

remain     untouched�察     �and   many   vigorous      men�察   �who    in  the  actual   world 

devote   their   energies   to   domination�察  �would   in   such   a   world   find   their 

energies directed to the creation of new goods rather than the perpetuation 

of ancient evils。 

     Envy�察  �the   third   of   the   psychological   causes   to   which   we   attributed 

what is bad in the actual world�察�depends in most natures upon that kind of 

fundamental   discontent   which   springs   from   a   lack   of   free   development�察�

from thwarted instinct�察�and from the impossibility of realizing an imagined 

happiness。 Envy cannot be cured by preaching�察�preaching�察�at the best�察�will 

only   alter   its   manifestations   and   lead   it   to   adopt   more   subtle   forms   of 

concealment。 Except in those rare natures in which generosity dominates 

in spite of circumstances�察�the only cure for envy is freedom and the joy of 

life。 From populations largely deprived of the simple instinctive pleasures 

of leisure and love�察�sunshine and green fields�察�generosity of outlook and 



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kindliness of dispositions are hardly to be expected。 In such populations 

these qualities are not likely to be found�察�even among the fortunate few�察�

for   these   few   are   aware�察  �however   dimly�察  �that   they   are   profiting   by   an 

injustice�察�and that they can only continue to enjoy their good fortune by 

deliberately ignoring those with whom it is not shared。 If generosity and 

kindliness   are   to   be   common�察  �there   must   be   more   care   than   there   is   at 

present   for   the   elementary   wants   of   human   nature�察  �and   more   realization 

that the diffusion of happiness among all who are not the victims of some 

peculiar     misfortune     is  both   possible    and   imperative。     A   world    full  of 

happiness would not wish to plunge into war�察�and would not be filled with 

that   grudging   hostility   which   our   cramped   and   narrow   existence   forces 

upon   average   human   nature。   A   world   full   of   happiness   is   not   beyond 

human power to create�察�the obstacles imposed by inanimate nature are not 

insuperable。 The   real   obstacles   lie   in   the   heart   of   man�察  �and   the   cure   for 

these is a firm hope�察�informed and fortified by thought。 



                                    CHAPTER VII 



                    SCIENCE AND ART UNDER SOCIALISM 

       SOCIALISM has been advocated by most of its champions chiefly as 

a means of increasing the welfare of the wage earning classes�察�and more 

particularly their material welfare。 It has seemed accordingly�察�to some men 

whose aims are not material�察�as if it has nothing to offer toward the general 

advancement   of   civilization   in   the   way   of   art   and   thought。   Some   of   its 

advocates�察     �moreoverand       among      these   Marx     must   be   includedhave 

written�察 �no   doubt   not   deliberately�察  �as   if   with   the   Socialist   revolution   the 

millennium   would   have   arrived�察  �and   there   would   be   no   need   of   further 

progress   for   the   human   race。   I   do   not   know   whether   our   age   is   more 

restless than that which preceded it�察�or whether it has merely become more 

impregnated with the idea of evolution�察�but�察�for whatever reason�察�we have 

grown      incapable     of  believing    in  a   state  of  static   perfection�察   �and   we 

demand�察�of any social system�察�which is to have our approval�察�that it shall 

contain     within    itself  a  stimulus     and   opportunity     for   progress    toward 

something still better。 The doubts thus raised by Socialist writers make it 



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necessary to inquire whether Socialism would in fact be hostile to art and 

science�察�and whether it would be likely to produce a stereotyped society in 

which progress would become difficult and slow。 

     It is not enough that men and women should be made comfortable in a 

material sense。 Many members of the well´to´do classes at present�察�in spite 

of opportunity�察�contribute nothing of value to the life of the world�察�and do 

not    even   succeed    in  securing    for   themselves     any   personal    happiness 

worthy to be so called。 The multiplication of such individuals would be an 

achievement of the very minutest value�察�and if Socialism were merely to 

bestow upon all the kind of life and outlook which is now enjoyed by the 

more     apathetic   among     the   well´to´do�察   �it  would   offer   little  that  could 

inspire enthusiasm in any generous spirit。 

     ``The true role of collective existence��'' says M。 Naquet�撮�57��'' 。 。 。 is to 

learn�察�to discover�察�to know。 Eating�察�drinking�察�sleeping�察�living�察�in a word�察�is 

a mere accessory。 In this respect�察�we are not distinguished from the brute。 

Knowledge        is  the  goal。   If  I  were   condemned       to  choose     between     a 

humanity materially happy�察�glutted after the manner of a flock of sheep in 

a field�察�and a humanity existing in misery�察�but from which emanated�察�here 

and there�察�some eternal truth�察�it is on the latter that my choice would fall。'' 

       ��57�А �`L'Anarchie et le Collectivisme��'' p。 114。 

       This statement puts the alternative in a very extreme form in which it 

is somewhat unreal。 It may be said in reply that for those who have had the 

leisure and the opportunity to enjoy ``eternal truths'' it is easy to exalt their 

importance at the expense of sufferings which fall on others。 This is true�察�

but�察�if it is taken as disposing of the question�察�it leaves out of account the 

importance   of   thought   for   progress。   Viewing   the   life   of   mankind   as   a 

whole�察�in the future as well as in the present�察�there can be no question that 

a society in which some men pursue knowledge while others endure great 

poverty offers more hope of ultimate good than a society in which all are 

sunk in slothful comfort。 It is true that poverty is a great evil�察�but it is not 

true that material prosperity is in itself a great good。 If it is to have any 

real value to society�察�it must be made a means to the advancement of those 

higher goods that belong to the life of the mind。 But the life of the mind 

does not consist of thought and knowledge alone�察�nor can it be comp
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