嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及34何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



     But   there   still   remain   some   not   altogether   easy   problems。   Take�察  �for 

example�察  �the   publishing   of   books。   There   will   not�察  �under   Socialism�察  �be 

private   publishers   as   at   present�此  �under   State   Socialism�察  �presumably   the 

State     will  be   the   sole   publisher�察    �while    under    Syndicalism       or   Guild 

Socialism the Federation du Livre will have the whole of the trade in its 

hands。 Under these circumstances�察�who is to decide what MSS。 are to be 

printed�拭�It is clear that opportunities exist for an Index more rigorous than 

that   of   the  Inquisition。     If  the  State   were    the  sole   publisher�察   �it  would 

doubtless   refuse   books   opposed   to   State   Socialism。   If   the   Federation   du 



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Livre were the ultimate arbiter�察�what publicity could be obtained for works 

criticising it�拭�And apart from such political difficulties we should have�察�as 

regards   literature�察  �that    very   censorship     by   eminent    officials   which    we 

agreed to regard as disastrous when we were considering the fine arts in 

general。 The difficulty is serious�察�and a way of meeting it must be found if 

literature is to remain free。 

     Kropotkin�察�who believes that manual and intellectual work should be 

combined�察       �holds    that    authors     themselves      should     be    compositors�察�

bookbinders�察�etc。 He even seems to suggest that the whole of the manual 

work involved in producing books should be done by authors。 It may be 

doubted   whether   there   are   enough   authors   in   the   world   for   this   to   be 

possible�察 �and   in   any  case  I  cannot but   think   that   it   would   be  a  waste   of 

time for them to leave the work they understand in order to do badly work 

which   others   could   do   far   better   and   more   quickly。 That�察  �however�察  �does 

not   touch   our   present   point�察  �which   is   the   question   how   the   MSS。   to   be 

printed will be selected。 In Kropotkin's plan there will presumably be an 

Author's   Guild�察  �with   a   Committee   of   Management�察  �if Anarchism   allows 

such   things。   This   Committee   of   Management   will   decide   which   of   the 

books   submitted   to      it   are   worthy   to   be   printed。   Among   these   will   be 

included those by the Committee and their friends�察�but not those by their 

enemies。 Authors of rejected MSS。 will hardly have the patience to spend 

their time setting up the works of successful rivals�察�and there will have to 

be an elaborate system of log´rolling if any books are to be printed at all。 It 

hardly looks as if this plan would conduce to harmony among literary men�察�

or    would    lead   to  the   publication     of  any   book    of   an  unconventional 

tendency。 Kropotkin's own books�察�for example�察�would hardly have found 

favor。 

     The     only   way    of  meeting     these    difficulties�察  �whether     under    State 

Socialism   or   Guild   Socialism   or   Anarchism�察  �seems   to   be   by   making   it 

possible for an author to pay for the publication of his book if it is not such 

as the State or the Guild is willing to print at its own expense。 I am aware 

that this method is contrary to the spirit of Socialism�察�but I do not see what 

other way there is of securing freedom。 The payment might be made by 

undertaking to engage for an assigned period in some work of recognized 



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utility   and    to  hand   over   such     proportion     of   the  earnings   as   might     be 

necessary。 The work undertaken might of course be�察�as Kropotkin suggests�察�

the   manual   part   of   the   production   of   books�察  �but   I   see   no   special   reason 

why it should be。 It would have to be an absolute rule that no book should 

be refused�察�no matter what the nature of its contents might be�察�if payment 

for   publication   were   offered   at   the   standard        rate。   An   author   who     had 

admirers   would   be   able   to   secure   their   help   in   payment。   An   unknown 

author   might�察 �it   is   true�察  �have   to suffer   a   considerable   loss   of   comfort   in 

order   to   make   his   payment�察  �but   that   would   give   an   automatic   means   of 

eliminating those whose writing was not the result of any very profound 

impulse and would be by no means wholly an evil。 

     Probably       some    similar    method     would     be   desirable     as  regards     the 

publishing and performing of new music。 

     What      we   have    been    suggesting     will�察  �no   doubt�察   �be  objected     to  by 

orthodox       Socialists�察  �since   they   will   find    something   repugnant        to   their 

principles   in   the   whole   idea   of   a   private   person   paying   to   have   certain 

work   done。   But   it   is   a   mistake   to   be   the   slave   of   a   system�察  �and   every 

system�察     �if  it  is  applied   rigidly�察  �will   entail   evils   which    could    only    be 

avoided   by   some   concession   to   the   exigencies   of   special   cases。   On   the 

whole�察      �a   wise    form     of    Socialism      might      afford    infinitely     better 

opportunities for the artist and the man of science than are possible in a 

capitalist   community�察  �but   only   if   the   form   of   Socialism   adopted   is   one 

which is fitted for this end by means of provisions such as we have been 

suggesting。 

     3。   Possibility   of   Appreciation。This         condition   is   one   which      is   not 

necessary to all who do creative work�察�but in the sense in which I mean it 

the    great   majority     find   it  very    nearly    indispensable。      I  do   not   mean 

widespread        public    recognition�察    �nor    that  ignorant�察    �half´sincere     respect 

which      is  commonly        accorded      to  artists   who    have    achieved      success。 

Neither      of    these    serves     much      purpose。      What     I   mean      is   rather 

understanding�察       �and    a   spontaneous       feeling    that   things    of   beauty    are 

important。 In a thoroughly commercialized society�察�an artist is respected if 

he makes money�察�and because he   makes money�察�but there is no   genuine 

respect     for  the   works     of  art  by   which     his  money      has   been    made。    A 



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millionaire whose fortune has been made in button´hooks or chewing´gum 

is regarded with awe�察�but none of this feeling is bestowed on the articles 

from which his wealth is derived。 In a society which measures all things 

by money the same tends to be true of the artist。 If he has become rich he 

is respected�察�though of course less than the millionaire�察�but his pictures or 

books or music are regarded as the chewing´gum or the button´ hooks are 

regarded�察�merely as a means to money。 In such an atmosphere it is very 

difficult   for   the   artist   to   preserve   his   creative   impulse   pure�此  �either   he   is 

contaminated by his surroundings�察�or he becomes embittered through lack 

of appreciation for the object of his endeavor。 

     It   is  not   appreciation     of   the   artist  that   is  necessary     so  much     as 

appreciation of the art。 It is difficult for an artist to live in an environment 

in   which   everything   is   judged   by   its   utility�察  �rather   than   by   its   intrinsic 

quality。     The    whole    side   of   life  of   which    art   is  the  flower     requires 

something   which   may   be   called   disinterestedness�察  �a   capacity   for   direct 

enjoyment without thought of tomorrow's problems and difficulties。 When 

people are amused by a joke they do not need to be persuaded that it will 

serve     some     important     purpose。     The    same    kind    of  direct   pleasure     is 

involved   in   any   genuine   appreciation   of   art。   The   struggle   for   life�察  �the 

serious work of a trade or profession�察�is apt to make people too solemn for 

jokes     and   too   pre´occupied       for  art。  The    easing    of   the   struggle�察   �the 

diminution   in   the   hours   of   work�察  �and   the   lightening   of   the   burden   of 

existence�察�which would result from a better economic system�察�could hardly 

fail   to   increase   the   joy   of   life   and   the   vital   energy�察  �available   for   sheer 

delight in the world。 And if this were achieved there would inevitably be 

more spontaneous pleasure in beautiful things�察�and more enjoyment of the 

work of artists。 But none of these good results are to be expected from the 

mere removal of poverty�此�they all require also a diffused sense of freedom�察�

and the absence of that feeling of oppression by a vast machine which now 

weighs down the individual spirit。 I do not think State Socialism can give 

this   sense   of   freedom�察  �but   some   other   forms   of   Socialism�察  �which   have 

absorbed   what   is   true   in   Anarchist   teaching�察  �can   give   it   to   a   degree   of 

which capitalism is wholly incapable。 

     A general sense of progress and achievement is an immense stimulus 



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to all forms of creative work。 For this reason�察�a great deal will depend�察�not 

only in material ways�察�upon the question whether methods of production 

in   industry   and     agriculture   become       stereotyped      or   continue    to  change 

rapidly     as   they   have    done 
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酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��