嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及35何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



rapidly     as   they   have    done    during     the   last  hundred      years。   Improved 

methods   of   production   will   be   much   more   obviously   than   now   to   the 

interest of the community at large�察�when what every man receives is his 

due share of the total produce of labor。 But there will probably not be any 

individuals       with    the   same     direct    and    intense    interest    in   technical 

improvements   as         now   belongs     to   the   capitalist  in   manufacture。      If  the 

natural   conservatism   of   the   workers   is   not   to   prove   stronger   than   their 

interest   in   increasing   production�察  �it   will   be   necessary   that�察  �when   better 

methods are introduced by the workers in any industry�察�part at least of the 

benefit should be allowed for a time to be retained by them。 If this is done�察�

it may be presumed that each Guild will be continually seeking for new 

processes or inventions�察�and will value those technical parts of scientific 

research which are useful for this purpose。 With every improvement�察�the 

question   will   arise   whether   it   is   to   be   used   to   give   more   leisure   or   to 

increase     the   dividend     of  commodities。        Where     there   is  so  much     more 

leisure     than   there    is  now�察   �there   will   be   many      more    people     with   a 

knowledge of   science or   an   understanding   of  art。 The  artist   or   scientific 

investigator will be far less cut off than he is at present from the average 

citizen�察�and this will almost inevitably be a stimulus to his creative energy。 

     I think we may fairly conclude that�察�from the point of view of all three 

requisites for art and science�察�namely�察�training�察�freedom and appreciation�察�

State   Socialism   would   largely   fail   to   remove   existing   evils   and   would 

introduce new evils of its own�察�but Guild Socialism�察�or even Syndicalism�察�

if it adopted a liberal policy toward those who preferred to work less than 

the     usual    number      of    hours    at   recognized       occupations�察      �might     be 

immeasurably   preferable   to   anything   that   is   possible   under   the   rule   of 

capitalism。 There are dangers�察�but they will all vanish if the importance of 

liberty  is   adequately  acknowledged。   In   this   as   in   nearly  everything   else�察�

the road to all that is best is the road of freedom。 



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                                   CHAPTER VIII 



                      THE WORLD AS IT COULD BE MADE 

       IN the daily lives of most men and women�察�fear plays a greater part 

than   hope�此  �they  are   more   filled   with   the  thought   of   the   possessions   that 

others may take from them�察�than of the joy that they might create in their 

own lives and in the lives with which they come in contact。 

     It is not so that life should be lived。 

     Those whose lives are fruitful to themselves�察�to their friends�察�or to the 

world are inspired by hope and sustained by joy�此�they see in imagination 

the things that might be and the way in which they are to be brought into 

existence。 In their private relations they are not pre´occupied with anxiety 

lest they should lose such affection and respect as they receive�此�they are 

engaged in giving   affection   and   respect   freely�察 �and   the   reward   comes   of 

itself without their seeking。 In their work they are not haunted by jealousy 

of competitors�察�but concerned with the actual matter that has to be done。 In 

politics�察�they do not spend time and passion defending unjust privileges of 

their class or nation�察�but they aim at making the world as a whole happier�察�

less   cruel�察  �less   full   of   conflict   between   rival   greeds�察  �and   more   full   of 

human      beings     whose     growth    has   not   been    dwarfed     and    stunted    by 

oppression。 

     A  life   lived   in   this   spiritthe   spirit   that   aims   at   creating   rather   than 

possessinghas   a   certain   fundamental   happiness�察  �of   which   it   cannot   be 

wholly      robbed     by   adverse     circumstances。      This    is  the   way     of   life 

recommended in the Gospels�察�and by all the great teachers of the world。 

Those   who   have   found   it   are   freed   from  the   tyranny  of   fear�察  �since   what 

they value most in their lives is not at the mercy of outside power。 If all 

men could summon up the courage and the vision to live in this way in 

spite   of   obstacles   and   discouragement�察  �there   would   be   no   need   for   the 

regeneration of the world to begin by political and economic reform�此�all 

that   is   needed   in   the   way   of   reform   would   come   automatically�察  �without 

resistance�察    �owing     to  the   moral    regeneration      of   individuals。    But    the 

teaching   of   Christ   has   been   nominally   accepted   by   the   world   for   many 

centuries�察  �and   yet   those   who   follow   it   are   still   persecuted   as   they   were 



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before the time of Constantine。 Experience has proved that few are able to 

see   through   the   apparent   evils   of   an   outcast's   life   to   the   inner   joy   that 

comes      of   faith  and    creative    hope。    If  the  domination       of  fear   is  to  be 

overcome�察�it is not enough�察�as regards the mass of men�察�to preach courage 

and indifference to misfortune�此�it is necessary to remove the causes of fear�察�

to make a good life no longer an unsuccessful one in a worldly sense�察�and 

to diminish the harm that can be inflicted upon those who are not wary in 

self´ defense。 

     When we consider the evils in the lives we know of�察�we find that they 

may  be   roughly  divided   into   three   classes。 There   are�察  �first�察  �those   due   to 

physical nature�此�among these are death�察�pain and the difficulty of making 

the soil yield a subsistence。 These we will call ``physical evils。'' Second�察�

we may put those that spring from defects in the character or aptitudes of 

the sufferer�此�among these are ignorance�察�lack of will�察�and violent passions。 

These   we   will   call   ``evils   of   character。''   Third   come   those   that   depend 

upon the power of one individual or group over another�此�these comprise 

not    only    obvious     tyranny�察   �but   all  interference     with   free   development�察�

whether by force or by excessive mental influence such as may occur in 

education。 These   we will   call ``evils   of   power。'' A social system  may   be 

judged by its bearing upon these three kinds of evils。 

     The     distinction    between      the   three   kinds    cannot    be   sharply    drawn。 

Purely   physical   evil   is   a   limit�察  �which   we   can   never   be   sure   of   having 

reached�此�we cannot abolish death�察�but we can often postpone it by science�察�

and   it   may   ultimately   become   possible   to   secure   that   the   great   majority 

shall live till old age�察�we cannot wholly prevent pain�察�but we can diminish 

it indefinitely by securing a healthy life for all�察�we cannot make the earth 

yield   its   fruits   in   any  abundance   without   labor�察�but   we  can   diminish   the 

amount of the labor and improve its conditions until it ceases to be an evil。 

Evils   of   character   are   often   the   result   of   physical   evil   in   the   shape   of 

illness�察  �and   still   more   often   the   result   of   evils   of   power�察  �since   tyranny 

degrades   both   those   who   exercise   it   and   ��as   a   rule��   those   who   suffer   it。 

Evils   of   power   are   intensified   by   evils   of   character   in   those   who   have 

power�察�and by fear of the physical evil which is apt to be the lot of those 

who   have   no   power。   For   all   these   reasons�察  �the   three   sorts   of   evil   are 



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intertwined。   Nevertheless�察  �speaking   broadly�察  �we   may   distinguish   among 

our   misfortunes   those   which   have   their   proximate   cause   in   the   material 

world�察�those which are mainly due to defects in ourselves�察�and those which 

spring from our being subject to the control of others。 

     The   main   methods   of   combating   these   evils   are�此  �for   physical   evils�察�

science�察�for evils of character�察�education ��in the widest sense�� and a free 

outlet for all impulses that do not involve domination�察�for evils of power�察�

the reform of the political and economic organization of society in such a 

way as to reduce to the lowest possible point the interference of one man 

with the life of another。 We will begin with the third of these kinds of evil�察�

because it is evils of power specially that Socialism and Anarchism have 

sought to   remedy。 Their  protest   against   Inequalities   of   wealth has   rested 

mainly upon their sense of the evils arising from the power conferred by 

wealth。 This point has been well stated by Mr。 G。 D。 H。 Cole�此�

       What�察�I want to ask�察�is the fundamental evil in our modern Society 

which we should set out to abolish�拭�

     There   are   two   possible   answers   to   that   question�察  �and   I   am   sure   that 

very many well´meaning people would make the wrong one。 They would 

answer   POVERTY�察  �when   they  ought to   answer   SLAVERY。   Face   to   face 

every     day   with   the  shameful     contrasts    of  riches   and   destitution�察  �high 

dividends and low wages�察�and painfully conscious of the futility of trying 

to   adjust   the   balance   by  means   of   charity�察  �private or   public
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��2�� 家��3��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��