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knows it to this day。;
��42�� III。 We must note that some places are not styled by the names
they bore during Moses' lifetime�察 �but by others which they obtained
subsequently。 ��43�� For instance�察 �Abraham is said to have pursued his
enemies even unto Dan�察�a name not bestowed on the city till long after the
death of Joshua ��Gen。 xiv��14�察�Judges xviii��29��。
��44�� IV。 The narrative is prolonged after the death of Moses�察 �for in
Exodus xvi��34 we read that ; the children of Israel did eat manna forty
years until they came to a land inhabited�察�until they came unto the borders
of the land of Canaan。; ��45�� In other words�察�until the time alluded to in
Joshua vi��12。
��46�� So�察�too�察�in Genesis xxxvi��31 it is stated�察 �These are the kings that
reigned in Edom before there reigned any king over the children of Israel。;
��47�� The historian�察�doubtless�察�here relates the kings of Idumaea before that
territory was conquered by David ��Endnote 10�А�and garrisoned�察�as we read
in 2 Sam。 viii��14。 ��48�� From what has been said�察�it is thus clearer than the
sun at noonday that the Pentateuch was not written by Moses�察 �but by
someone who lived long after Moses。 ��49�� Let us now turn our attention to
the books which Moses actually did write�察 �and which are cited in the
Pentateuch�察 �thus�察 �also�察 �shall we see that they were different from the
Pentateuch。 ��50�� Firstly�察�it appears from Exodus xvii��14 that Moses�察�by the
command of God�察�wrote an account of the war against Amalek。 ��51�� The
book in which he did so is not named in the chapter just quoted�察 �but in
Numb。 xxi��12 a book is referred to under the title of the wars of God�察�and
doubtless this war against Amalek and the castrametations said in Numb。
xxxiii��2 to have been written by Moses are therein described。 ��52�� We hear
also in Exod。 xxiv��4 of another book called the Book of the Covenant�察�
which Moses read before the Israelites when they first made a covenant
with God。 ��53�� But this book or this writing contained very little�察�namely�察�
the laws or commandments of God which we find in Exodus xx��22 to the
end of chap。 xxiv。�察 �and this no one will deny who reads the aforesaid
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chapter rationally and impartially。 ��54�� It is there stated that as soon as
Moses had learnt the feeling of the people on the subject of making a
covenant with God�察�he immediately wrote down God's laws and utterances�察�
and in the morning�察�after some ceremonies had been performed�察�read out
the conditions of the covenant to an assembly of the whole people。 ��55��
When these had been gone through�察�and doubtless understood by all�察�the
whole people gave their assent。
��56�� Now from the shortness of the time taken in its perusal and also
from its nature as a compact�察�this document evidently contained nothing
more than that which we have just described。 ��57�� Further�察�it is clear that
Moses explained all the laws which he had received in the fortieth year
after the exodus from Egypt�察�also that he bound over the people a second
time to observe them�察�and that finally he committed them to writing ��Deut。
i��5�察�xxix��14�察�xxxi��9���察�in a book which contained these laws explained�察�and
the new covenant�察�and this book was therefore called the book of the law
of God�此�the same which was afterwards added to by Joshua when he set
forth the fresh covenant with which he bound over the people and which
he entered into with God ��Josh。 xxiv��25�察�26��。
��58�� Now�察 �as we have extent no book containing this covenant of
Moses and also the covenant of Joshua�察�we must perforce conclude that it
has perished�察�unless�察�indeed�察�we adopt the wild conjecture of the Chaldean
paraphrast Jonathan�察�and twist about the words of Scripture to our heart's
content。 ��59�� This commentator�察 �in the face of our present difficulty�察�
preferred corrupting the sacred text to confessing his own ignorance。 ��60��
The passage in the book of Joshua which runs�察 �and Joshua wrote these
words in the book of the law of God�察─�he changes into ;and Joshua wrote
these words and kept them with the book of the law of God。; ��61�� What is
to be done with persons who will only see what pleases them�拭。�62�� What
is such a proceeding if it is not denying Scripture�察�and inventing another
Bible out of our own heads�拭。�63�� We may therefore conclude that the book
of the law of God which Moses wrote was not the Pentateuch�察 �but
something quite different�察�which the author of the Pentateuch duly inserted
into his book。 ��64�� So much is abundantly plain both from what I have
said and from what I am about to add。 ��65�� For in the passage of
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Deuteronomy above quoted�察�where it is related that Moses wrote the book
of the law�察�the historian adds that he handed it over to the priests and bade
them read it out at a stated time to the whole people。 ��66�� This shows that
the work was of much less length than the Pentateuch�察 �inasmuch as it
could be read through at one sitting so as to be understood by all�察�further�察�
we must not omit to notice that out of all the books which Moses wrote�察�
this one book of the second covenant and the song ��which latter he wrote
afterwards so that all the people might learn it���察�was the only one which he
caused to be religiously guarded and preserved。 ��67�� In the first covenant
he had only bound over those who were present�察 �but in the second
covenant he bound over all their descendants also ��Dent。 xxix��14���察 �and
therefore ordered this covenant with future ages to be religiously
preserved�察 �together with the Song�察 �which was especially addressed to
posterity�此�as�察�then�察�we have no proof that Moses wrote any book save this
of the covenant�察�and as he committed no other to the care of posterity�察�and�察�
lastly�察 �as there are many passages in the Pentateuch which Moses could
not have written�察�it follows that the belief that Moses was the author of the
Pentateuch is ungrounded and even irrational。 ��68�� Someone will perhaps
ask whether Moses did not also write down other laws when they were
first revealed to him ´ in other words�察�whether�察�during the course of forty
years�察�he did not write down any of the laws which he promulgated�察�save
only those few which I have stated to be contained in the book of the first
covenant。 ��69�� To this I would answer�察�that although it seems reasonable to
suppose that Moses wrote down the laws at the time when he wished to
communicate them to the people�察 �yet we are not warranted to take it as
proved�察�for I have shown above that we must make no assertions in such
matters which we do not gather from Scripture�察�or which do not flow as
legitimate consequences from its fundamental principles。 ��70�� We must
not accept whatever is reasonably probable。 ��71�� However even reason in
this case would not force such a conclusion upon us�此�for it may be that the
assembly of elders wrote down the decrees of Moses and communicated
them to the people�察 �and the historian collected them�察 �and duly set them
forth in his narrative of the life of Moses。 ��72�� So much for the five books
of Moses�此�it is now time for us to turn to the other sacred writings。
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��73�� The book of Joshua may be proved not to be an autograph by
reasons similar to those we have just employed�此�for it must be some other
than Joshua who testifies that the fame of Joshua was spread over the
whole world�察 �that he omitted nothing of what Moses had taught ��Josh。
vi��27�察�viii。 last verse�察�xi��15���察�that he grew old and summoned an assembly
of the whole people�察 �and finally that he departed this life。 ��74��
Furthermore�察�events are related which took place after Joshua's death。 ��75��
For instance�察�that the Israelites worshipped God�察�after his death�察�so long as
there were any old men alive who remembered him�察�and in chap。 xvi��10�察�
we read that ;Ephraim and Manasseh did not drive out the Canaanites
which dwelt in Gezer�察�but the Canaanite dwelt in the land of Ephraim unto
this day�察�and was tributary to him。; ��76�� This is the same statement as that
in Judges�察 �chap。 i。�察 �and the phrase ;unto this day; shows that the writer
was speaking of ancient times。 ��77�� With these texts we may compare the
last verse of chap。 xv。�察�concerning the sons of Judah�察�and also the history
of Caleb in the same chap。 v��14。 ��78�� Further�察 �the building of an altar
beyond Jordan by the two tribes and a half�察�chap。 xxii��10�察�sqq。�察�seems to
have taken place after the death of Joshua�察�for in the whole narrative his
name is never mentioned�察�but the people alone held council as to waging
war�察�sent out legates�察�waited for their return�察�and finally approved of their
answer。
��79�� Lastly�察�from chap。 x��14�察�it is clear that the book was written many
generations after the death of Joshua�察�for it bears w
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