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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及14何蛍
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generations after the death of Joshua�察�for it bears witness ��there was never
any�察�day like unto�察�that day�察�either before or after�察�that the Lord hearkened
to the voice of a man�察─�&c。 ��80�� If�察�therefore�察�Joshua wrote any book at all�察�
it was that which is quoted in the work now before us�察�chap。 x��13。
��81�� With regard to the book of Judges�察�I suppose no rational person
persuades himself that it was written by the actual Judges。 ��82�� For the
conclusion of the whole history contained in chap。 ii。 clearly shows that it
is all the work ´ of a single historian。 ��83�� Further�察�inasmuch as the writer
frequently tells us that there was then no king in Israel�察�it is evident that
the book was written after the establishment of the monarchy。
��84�� The books of Samuel need not detain us long�察 �inasmuch as the
narrative in them is continued long after Samuel's death�察�but I should like
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to draw attention to the fact that it was written many generations after
Samuel's death。 ��85�� For in book i。 chap。 ix��9�察�the historian remarks in a�察�
parenthesis�察 �Beforetime�察 �in Israel�察 �when a man went to inquire of God�察�
thus he spake�此�Come�察�and let us go to the seer�察�for he that is now called a
prophet was beforetime called a seer。;
��86�� Lastly�察�the books of Kings�察�as we gather from internal evidence�察�
were compiled from the books of King Solomon ��I Kings xi��41���察�from the
chronicles of the kings of Judah ��1 Kings xiv��19�察�29���察�and the chronicles of
the kings of Israel。
��87�� We may�察 �therefore�察 �conclude that all the books we have
considered hitherto are compilations�察 �and that the events therein are
recorded as having happened in old time。 ��88�� Now�察 �if we turn our
attention to the connection and argument of all these books�察 �we shall
easily see that they were all written by a single historian�察�who wished to
relate the antiquities of the Jews from their first beginning down to the
first destruction of the city。 ��89�� The way in which the several books are
connected one with the other is alone enough to show us that they form the
narrative of one and the same writer。 ��90�� For as soon as he has related the
life of Moses�察�the historian thus passes on to the story of Joshua�此 �And it
came to pass after that Moses the servant of the Lord was dead�察�that God
spake unto Joshua�察─�&c。�察�so in the same way�察�after the death of Joshua was
concluded�察�he passes with identically the same transition and connection
to the history of the Judges�此 �And it came to pass after that Joshua was
dead�察�that the children of Israel sought from God�察─�&c。 ��91�� To the book of
Judges he adds the story of Ruth�察�as a sort of appendix�察�in these words�此�
;Now it came to pass in the days that the judges ruled�察�that there was a
famine in the land。;
��92�� The first book of Samuel is introduced with a similar phrase�察�and
so is the second book of Samuel。 ��93�� Then�察�before the history of David is
concluded�察�the historian passes in the same way to the first book of Kings�察�
and�察�after David's death�察�to the Second book of Kings。
��94�� The putting together�察 �and the order of the narratives�察 �show that
they are all the work of one man�察 �writing with a create aim�察 �for the
historian begins with relating the first origin of the Hebrew nation�察 �and
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then sets forth in order the times and the occasions in which Moses put
forth his laws�察�and made his predictions。 ��95�� He then proceeds to relate
how the Israelites invaded the promised land in accordance with Moses'
prophecy ��Deut。 vii。���察�and how�察�when the land was subdued�察�they turned
their backs on their laws�察 �and thereby incurred many misfortunes ��Deut。
xxxi��16�察 �17��。 ��96�� He tells how they wished to elect rulers�察 �and how�察�
according as these rulers observed the law�察 �the people flourished or
suffered ��Deut。 xxviii��36���察�finally�察�how destruction came upon the nation�察�
even as Moses had foretold。 ��97�� In regard to other matters�察�which do not
serve to confirm the law�察�the writer either passes over them in silence�察�or
refers the reader to other books for information。 ��98�� All that is set down
in the books we have conduces to the sole object of setting forth the words
and laws of Moses�察�and proving them by subsequent events。��99�� When we
put together these three considerations�察�namely�察�the unity of the subject of
all the books�察 �the connection between them�察 �and the fact that they are
compilations made many generations after the events they relate had taken
place�察�we come to the conclusion�察�as I have just stated�察�that they are all the
work of a single historian。 ��100�� Who this historian was�察�it is not so easy
to show�察 �but I suspect that he was Ezra�察 �and there are several strong
reasons for adopting this hypothesis。
��101�� The historian whom we already know to be but one individual
brings his history down to the liberation of Jehoiakim�察 �and adds that he
himself sat at the king's table all his life ´ that is�察 �at the table either of
Jehoiakim�察�or of the son of Nebuchadnezzar�察�for the sense of the passage is
ambiguous�此�hence it follows that he did not live before the time of Ezra。
��102�� But Scripture does not testify of any except of Ezra ��Ezra vii��10���察�
that he ;prepared his heart to seek the law of the Lord�察�and to set it forth�察�
and further that he was a ready scribe in the law of Moses。; ��103��
Therefore�察 �I can not find anyone�察 �save Ezra�察 �to whom to attribute the
sacred books。
��104�� Further�察 �from this testimony concerning Ezra�察 �we see that he
prepared his heart�察�not only to seek the law of the Lord�察�but also to set it
forth�察�and�察�in Nehemiah viii��8�察�we read that ;they read in the book of the
law of God distinctly�察�and gave the sense�察�and caused them to understand
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the reading。;
��105�� As�察�then�察�in Deuteronomy�察�we find not only the book of the law
of Moses�察 �or the greater part of it�察 �but also many things inserted for its
better explanation�察�I conjecture that this Deuteronomy is the book of the
law of God�察�written�察�set forth�察�and explained by Ezra�察�which is referred to
in the text above quoted。 ��106�� Two examples of the way matters were
inserted parenthetically in the text of Deuteronomy�察 �with a view to its
fuller explanation�察 �we have already given�察 �in speaking of Aben Ezra's
opinion。 ��107�� Many others are found in the course of the work�此 �for
instance�察�in chap。 ii��12�此 �The Horims dwelt also in Seir beforetime�察�but the
children of Esau succeeded them�察 �when they had destroyed them from
before them�察 �and dwelt in their stead�察 �as Israel did unto the land of his
possession�察�which the Lord gave unto them。; ��108�� This explains verses 3
and 4 of the same chapter�察�where it is stated that Mount Seir�察�which had
come to the children of Esau for a possession�察�did not fall into their hands
uninhabited�察 �but that they invaded it�察 �and turned out and destroyed the
Horims�察 �who formerly dwelt therein�察 �even as the children of Israel had
done unto the Canaanites after the death of Moses。
��109�� So�察 �also�察 �verses 6�察 �7�察 �8�察 �9�察 �of the tenth chapter are inserted
parenthetically among the words of Moses。 Everyone must see that verse 8�察�
which begins�察 �At that time the Lord separated the tribe of Levi�察─�
necessarily refers to verse 5�察�and not to the death of Aaron�察�which is only
mentioned here by Ezra because Moses�察 �in telling of the golden calf
worshipped by the people�察�stated that he had prayed for Aaron。
��110�� He then explains that at the time at which Moses spoke�察�God had
chosen for Himself the tribe of Levi in order that He may point out the
reason for their election�察 �and for the fact of their not sharing in the
inheritance�察�after this digression�察�he resumes the thread of Moses' speech。
��111�� To these parentheses we must add the preface to the book�察�and all the
passages in which Moses is spoken of in the third person�察�besides many
which we cannot now distinguish�察 �though�察 �doubtless�察 �they would have
been plainly recognized by the writer's contemporaries。
��112�� If�察�I say�察�we were in possession of the book of the law as Moses
wrote it�察�I do not doubt that we should find a great difference in the words
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of the precepts�察 �the order in which they are given�察 �and the reasons by
which they are supported。
��113�� A comparison of the decalogue in Deuteronomy with the
decalogue in Exodus�察 �where its history is explicitly set forth�察 �will be
sufficient to show u
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