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decalogue in Exodus�察 �where its history is explicitly set forth�察 �will be
sufficient to show us a wide discrepancy in all these three particulars�察�for
the fourth commandment is given not only in a different form�察�but at much
greater length�察�while the reason for its observance differs wholly from that
stated in Exodus。 ��114�� Again�察�the order in which the tenth commandment
is explained differs in the two versions。 ��115�� I think that the differences
here as elsewhere are the work of Ezra�察�who explained the law of God to
his contemporaries�察 �and who wrote this book of the law of God�察 �before
anything else�察�this I gather from the fact that it contains the laws of the
country�察�of which the people stood in most need�察�and also because it is not
joined to the book which precedes it by any connecting phrase�察�but begins
with the independent statement�察 �these are the words of Moses。; ��116��
After this task was completed�察�I think Ezra set himself to give a complete
account of the history of the Hebrew nation from the creation of the world
to the entire destruction of the city�察 �and in this account he inserted the
book of Deuteronomy�察�and�察�possibly�察�he called the first five books by the
name of Moses�察 �because his life is chiefly contained therein�察 �and forms
their principal subject�察�for the same reason he called the sixth Joshua�察�the
seventh Judges�察�the eighth Ruth�察�the ninth�察�and perhaps the tenth�察�Samuel�察�
and�察 �lastly�察 �the eleventh and twelfth Kings。 ��117�� Whether Ezra put the
finishing touches to this work and finished it as he intended�察 �we will
discuss in the next chapter。
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CHAPTER IX
OTHER QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE SAME BOOKS�此�
NAMELY�察 �WHETHER THEY WERE COMPLETELY FINISHED BY
EZRA�察 �AND�察 �FURTHER�察 �WHETHER THE MARGINAL NOTES
WHICH ARE FOUND IN THE HEBREW TEXTS WERE VARIOUS
READINGS。
��1�� How greatly the inquiry we have just made concerning the real
writer of the twelve books aids us in attaining a complete understanding of
them�察 �may be easily gathered solely from the passages which we have
adduced in confirmation of our opinion�察�and which would be most obscure
without it。 ��2�� But besides the question of the writer�察�there are other points
to notice which common superstition forbids the multitude to apprehend。
��3�� Of these the chief is�察�that Ezra ��whom I will take to be the author of the
aforesaid books until some more likely person be suggested�� did not put
the finishing touches to the narrative contained therein�察 �but merely
collected the histories from various writers�察 �and sometimes simply set
them down�察�leaving their examination and arrangement to posterity。
��4�� The cause ��if it were not untimely death�� which prevented him
from completing his work in all its portions�察�I cannot conjecture�察�but the
fact remains most clear�察�although we have lost the writings of the ancient
Hebrew historians�察�and can only judge from the few fragments which are
still extant。 ��5�� For the history of Hezekiah ��2 Kings xviii��17���察�as written in
the vision of Isaiah�察�is related as it is found in the chronicles of the kings
of Judah。 ��6�� We read the same story�察�told with few exceptions�察。�Endnote
11�В察�in the same words�察�in the book of Isaiah which was contained in the
chronicles of the kings of Judah ��2 Chron。 xxxii��32��。 ��7�� From this we
must conclude that there were various versions of this narrative of Isaiah's�察�
unless�察�indeed�察�anyone would dream that in this�察�too�察�there lurks a mystery。
��8�� Further�察�the last chapter of 2 Kings 27´30 is repeated in the last chapter
of Jeremiah�察�v。31´34。
��9�� Again�察 �we find 2 Sam。 vii。 repeated in I Chron。 xvii。�察 �but the
expressions in the two passages are so curiously varied ��Endnote 12�В察�that
we can very easily see that these two chapters were taken from two
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different versions of the history of Nathan。
��10�� Lastly�察 �the genealogy of the kings of Idumaea contained in
Genesis xxxvi��31�察�is repeated in the same words in 1 Chron。 i。�察�though we
know that the author of the latter work took his materials from other
historians�察�not from the twelve books we have ascribed to Ezra。 ��10�� We
may therefore be sure that if we still possessed the writings of the
historians�察�the matter would be made clear�察�however�察�as we have lost them�察�
we can only examine the writings still extant�察 �and from their order and
connection�察�their various repetitions�察�and�察�lastly�察�the contradictions in dates
which they contain�察�judge of the rest。
��11�� These�察�then�察�or the chief of them�察�we will now go through。 ��12��
First�察 �in the story of Judah and Tamar ��Gen。 xxxviii。�� the historian thus
begins�此 �And it came to pass at that time that Judah went down from his
brethren。; ��13�� This time cannot refer to what immediately precedes
��Endnote 13�В察�but must necessarily refer to something else�察 �for from the
time when Joseph was sold into Egypt to the time when the patriarch
Jacob�察�with all his family�察�set out thither�察�cannot be reckoned as more than
twenty´two years�察 �for Joseph�察 �when he was sold by his brethren�察 �was
seventeen years old�察�and when he was summoned by Pharaoh from prison
was thirty�察�if to this we add the seven years of plenty and two of famine�察�
the total amounts to twenty´two years。 ��14�� Now�察�in so short a period�察�no
one can suppose that so many things happened as are described�察�that Judah
had three children�察�one after the other�察�from one wife�察�whom he married at
the beginning of the period�察 �that the eldest of these�察 �when he was old
enough�察�married Tamar�察�and that after he died his next brother succeeded
to her�察�that�察�after all this�察�Judah�察�without knowing it�察�had intercourse with
his daughter´in´law�察 �and that she bore him twins�察 �and�察 �finally�察 �that the
eldest of these twins became a father within the aforesaid period。 ��15�� As
all these events cannot have taken place within the period mentioned in
Genesis�察 �the reference must necessarily be to something treated of in
another book�此 �and Ezra in this instance simply related the story�察 �and
inserted it without examination among his other writings。
��16�� However�察�not only this chapter but the whole narrative of Joseph
and Jacob is collected and set forth from various histories�察�inasmuch as it
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is quite inconsistent with itself。 ��17�� For in Gen。 xlvii。 we are told that
Jacob�察�when he came at Joseph's bidding to salute Pharaoh�察�was 130 years
old。 ��18�� If from this we deduct the twenty´two years which he passed
sorrowing for the absence of Joseph and the seventeen years forming
Joseph's age when he was sold�察 �and�察 �lastly�察 �the seven years for which
Jacob served for Rachel�察�we find that he was very advanced in life�察�namely�察�
eighty four�察�when he took Leah to wife�察�whereas Dinah was scarcely seven
years old when she was violated by Shechem�察。�Endnote 14�А� ��19�� Simeon
and Levi were aged respectively eleven and twelve when they spoiled the
city and slew all the males therein with the sword。
��20�� There is no need that I should go through the whole Pentateuch。
��21�� If anyone pays attention to the way in which all the histories and
precepts in these five books are set down promiscuously and without order�察�
with no regard for dates�察�and further�察�how the same story is often repeated�察�
sometimes in a different version�察�he will easily�察�I say�察�discern that all the
materials were promiscuously collected and heaped together�察�in order that
they might at some subsequent time be more readily examined and
reduced to order。 ��22�� Not only these five books�察�but also the narratives
contained in the remaining seven�察�going down to the destruction of the city�察�
are compiled in the same way。 ��23�� For who does not see that in Judges
ii��6 a new historian is being quoted�察�who had also written of the deeds of
Joshua�察�and that his words are simply copied�拭。�24�� For after our historian
has stated in the last chapter of the book of Joshua that Joshua died and
was buried�察�and has promised�察�in the first chapter of Judges�察�to relate what
happened after his death�察�in what way�察�if he wished to continue the thread
of his history�察�could he connect the statement here made about Joshua with
what had gone before�拭�
��25�� So�察 �too�察 �1 Sam。 17�察 �18�察 �are taken from another historian�察 �who
assigns a cause for David's first frequenting Saul's court very different
from that given in chap。 xvi。 of the same book。 ��26�� For he did not think
that David came to Saul in consequence of the advice of Saul's servants�察�as
is narrated in chap。 xvi。
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