嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及18何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



supposed that   they  must   have been set down on purpose  by the original 

writers�察  �and   have   a   meaning。   ��96��   However�察  �it   is   easy   to   answer   such 

arguments�察�as to the question of custom having prevailed in the reading of 

the marginal versions�察�I will not spare much time for its consideration�此�I 

know   not   the   promptings   of   superstition�察  �and   perhaps   the   practice   may 

have arisen from the idea that both readings were deemed equally good or 

tolerable�察�and therefore�察�lest either should be neglected�察�one was appointed 

to   be   written�察  �and   the   other   to   be   read。   ��97��   They   feared   to   pronounce 

judgment in so weighty a matter lest they should mistake the false for the 

true�察  �and   therefore   they   would   give   preference   to   neither�察  �as   they   must 

necessarily  have   done if   they  had   commanded   one   only  to   be   both   read 

and   written。   ��98��   This   would   be   especially   the   case   where   the   marginal 

readings were not written down in the sacred books�此�or the custom  may 

have   originated   because   some   things   though   rightly   written   down   were 

desired      to  be   read   otherwise      according     to   the   marginal     version�察   �and 



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therefore the general rule   was made   that the   marginal version should   be 

followed   in   reading   the   Scriptures。   ��99��   The   cause   which   induced   the 

scribes to expressly prescribe certain passages to be read in the marginal 

version�察  �I   will   now   touch   on�察  �for   not   all   the   marginal   notes   are   various 

readings�察�but some mark expressions which have passed out of common 

use�察�obsolete words and terms which current decency did not allow to be 

read   in   a   public   assembly。   ��100��   The   ancient   writers�察  �without   any   evil 

intention�察�employed no courtly paraphrase�察�but called things by their plain 

names。 ��101�� Afterwards�察�through the spread of evil thoughts and luxury�察�

words which could be used   by the ancients   without offence�察  �came to   be 

considered obscene。 ��102�� There was no need for this cause to change the 

text of Scripture。 ��103�� Still�察�as a concession to the popular weakness�察�it 

became   the   custom   to   substitute   more   decent   terms   for   words   denoting 

sexual intercourse�察�exereta�察�&c。�察�and to read them as they were given in 

the margin。 

     ��104�� At any rate�察�whatever may have been the origin of the practice of 

reading   Scripture   according   to   the   marginal   version�察  �it   was   not   that   the 

true interpretation is contained therein。 ��105�� For besides that�察�the Rabbins 

in the Talmud   often   differ   from  the   Massoretes�察 �and   give   other   readings 

which they approve of�察�as I will shortly show�察�certain things are found in 

the    margin     which    appear    less   warranted      by   the  uses    of  the   Hebrew 

language。   ��106��   For   example�察  �in   2   Samuel   xiv��22�察  �we   read�察   �In   that   the 

king    hath    fulfilled   the  request    of   his  servant�察─   �a  construction      plainly 

regular�察�and agreeing with that in chap。 xvi。 ��107�� But the margin has it ;of 

thy servant�察─�which does not agree with the person of the verb。 ��108�� So�察�

too�察�chap。 xvi��25 of the same book�察�we find�察 �As if one had inquired at the 

oracle of God�察─�the margin adding ;someone; to stand as a nominative to 

the verb。 ��109�� But the correction is not apparently warranted�察�for it is a 

common practice�察�well known to grammarians in the Hebrew language�察�to 

use the third person singular of the active verb impersonally。 

     ��110��     The    second     argument     advanced      by    the  Pharisees     is   easily 

answered from what has just been said�察�namely�察�that the scribes besides the 

various readings called attention to obsolete words。 ��111�� For there is no 

doubt that   in   Hebrew   as in   other languages�察  �changes   of   use   made   many 



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words obsolete and antiquated�察�and such were found by the later scribes in 

the   sacred   books   and   noted   by   them   with   a   view   to   the   books   being 

publicly read according to custom。 ��112�� For this reason the word nahgar 

is always found marked because its gender was originally common�察�and it 

had the same meaning as the Latin juvenis ��a young person��。 ��113�� So also 

the Hebrew capital was anciently called Jerusalem�察�not Jerusalaim。 ��114�� 

As   to   the   pronouns     himself   and     herself�察  �I  think   that  the   later  scribes 

changed   vau   into   jod   ��a   very   frequent   change   in       Hebrew��   when       they 

wished      to   express     the   feminine     gender�察   �but    that   the   ancients    only 

distinguished   the   two   genders   by   a   change   of   vowels。   ��115��   I   may   also 

remark that the irregular tenses of certain verbs differ in the ancient and 

modern forms�察�it being formerly considered a mark of elegance to employ 

certain letters agreeable to the ear。 

     ��116�� In a word�察�I could easily multiply proofs of this kind if I were 

not afraid of abusing the patience of the reader。 ��117�� Perhaps I shall be 

asked how I became acquainted with the fact that all these expressions are 

obsolete。 ��118�� I reply that I have found them in the most ancient Hebrew 

writers     in  the   Bible   itself�察 �and    that  they    have    not   been   imitated     by 

subsequent authors�察�and thus they are recognized as antiquated�察�though the 

language   in   which   they   occur   is   dead。   ��119��   But   perhaps   someone   may 

press the question why�察�if it be true�察�as I say�察�that the marginal notes of the 

Bible   generally   mark   various   readings�察  �there   are   never   more   than   two 

readings of   a passage�察�that   in   the text   and that in the   margin�察 �instead of 

three or more�察�and further�察�how the scribes can have hesitated between two 

readings�察�one of which is evidently contrary to grammar�察�and the other a 

plain correction。 

     ��120�� The answer to these questions also is easy�此�I will premise that it 

is   almost   certain   that   there   once   were   more   various   readings   than   those 

now recorded。 ��121�� For instance�察�one finds many in the Talmud which the 

Massoretes   have   neglected�察  �and   are   so   different   one   from   the   other   that 

even     the  superstitious     editor   of   the  Bomberg       Bible   confesses     that   he 

cannot     harmonize       them。    ��122��    ;We    cannot    say   anything�察─    �he   writes�察�

;except what we have said above�察�namely�察�that the Talmud is generally in 

contradiction to the Massorete。; ��123�� So that we are nor bound to hold 



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that   there   never   were   more   than   two   readings   of   any   passage�察  �yet   I   am 

willing   to   admit�察  �and   indeed   I   believe   that   more   than   two   readings   are 

never   found�此  �and   for   the   following   reasons�此���124��   ��I。��   The   cause   of   the 

differences of reading only admits of two�察�being generally the similarity of 

certain   letters�察  �so   that   the   question   resolved   itself   into   which   should   be 

written     Beth�察   �or   Kaf�察  �Jod    or   Vau�察  �Daleth     or   Reth�此   �cases    which    are 

constantly       occurring�察    �and    frequently     yielding     a   fairly   good    meaning 

whichever   alternative be   adopted。  ��125��   Sometimes�察 �too�察 �it   is   a   question 

whether   a   syllable   be   long   or   short�察  �quantity   being   determined   by   the 

letters    called    mutes。    ��126��    Moreover�察      �we    never    asserted    that   all  the 

marginal   versions�察  �without   exception�察  �marked   various   readings�察  �on   the 

contrary�察�we have stated that many were due to motives of decency or a 

desire to explain obsolete words。 ��127�� ��II。�� I am inclined to attribute the 

fact    that   more    than    two    readings     are  never     found    to  the   paucity     of 

exemplars�察�perhaps not more than two or three�察�found by the scribes。 ��128�� 

In   the   treatise   of   the   scribes�察  �chap。   vi。�察  �mention   is   made   of   three   only�察�

pretended       to  have    been    found    in  the   time    of  Ezra�察   �in  order    that  the 

marginal versions might be attributed to him。 

     ��129�� However that may be�察�if the scribes only had three codices we 

may   easily   imagine   that   in   a   given   passage   two   of   them   would   be   in 

accord�察  �for   it   would   be   extraordinary   if   each   one   of   the   three   gave   a 

different reading of the same text。 

     ��130�� The dearth of copies after the time of Ezra will surprise no one 

who has   read the   1st   chapter   of Maccabees�察  �or Josephus's   ;Antiquities�察─�

Bk。 12�察�chap。 5。 ��131�� Nay�察�it appears wonderful considering the fierce and 

daily persecution�察�that even these few should have been preserved。 ��132�� 

This will�察�I think�察�be plain to even a cursory reader of the history of those 

times。 

     ��133�� We have thus discovered the reasons why there are never more 

than two readings of a passage in the Bible�察�but this is a long way from 

supposing   that   we   may   therefore   conclude   that   the   Bible   was   purposely 

written incorrectly in such passages in order to signify some mystery。 ��134�� 

As to the second argument�察�that some passages are so faultily written that 

they     are   at  plain   variance     with    all  grammar�察      �and   should     have    been 



                              
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��