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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及18何蛍
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supposed that they must have been set down on purpose by the original
writers�察 �and have a meaning。 ��96�� However�察 �it is easy to answer such
arguments�察�as to the question of custom having prevailed in the reading of
the marginal versions�察�I will not spare much time for its consideration�此�I
know not the promptings of superstition�察 �and perhaps the practice may
have arisen from the idea that both readings were deemed equally good or
tolerable�察�and therefore�察�lest either should be neglected�察�one was appointed
to be written�察 �and the other to be read。 ��97�� They feared to pronounce
judgment in so weighty a matter lest they should mistake the false for the
true�察 �and therefore they would give preference to neither�察 �as they must
necessarily have done if they had commanded one only to be both read
and written。 ��98�� This would be especially the case where the marginal
readings were not written down in the sacred books�此�or the custom may
have originated because some things though rightly written down were
desired to be read otherwise according to the marginal version�察 �and
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therefore the general rule was made that the marginal version should be
followed in reading the Scriptures。 ��99�� The cause which induced the
scribes to expressly prescribe certain passages to be read in the marginal
version�察 �I will now touch on�察 �for not all the marginal notes are various
readings�察�but some mark expressions which have passed out of common
use�察�obsolete words and terms which current decency did not allow to be
read in a public assembly。 ��100�� The ancient writers�察 �without any evil
intention�察�employed no courtly paraphrase�察�but called things by their plain
names。 ��101�� Afterwards�察�through the spread of evil thoughts and luxury�察�
words which could be used by the ancients without offence�察 �came to be
considered obscene。 ��102�� There was no need for this cause to change the
text of Scripture。 ��103�� Still�察�as a concession to the popular weakness�察�it
became the custom to substitute more decent terms for words denoting
sexual intercourse�察�exereta�察�&c。�察�and to read them as they were given in
the margin。
��104�� At any rate�察�whatever may have been the origin of the practice of
reading Scripture according to the marginal version�察 �it was not that the
true interpretation is contained therein。 ��105�� For besides that�察�the Rabbins
in the Talmud often differ from the Massoretes�察 �and give other readings
which they approve of�察�as I will shortly show�察�certain things are found in
the margin which appear less warranted by the uses of the Hebrew
language。 ��106�� For example�察 �in 2 Samuel xiv��22�察 �we read�察 �In that the
king hath fulfilled the request of his servant�察─ �a construction plainly
regular�察�and agreeing with that in chap。 xvi。 ��107�� But the margin has it ;of
thy servant�察─�which does not agree with the person of the verb。 ��108�� So�察�
too�察�chap。 xvi��25 of the same book�察�we find�察 �As if one had inquired at the
oracle of God�察─�the margin adding ;someone; to stand as a nominative to
the verb。 ��109�� But the correction is not apparently warranted�察�for it is a
common practice�察�well known to grammarians in the Hebrew language�察�to
use the third person singular of the active verb impersonally。
��110�� The second argument advanced by the Pharisees is easily
answered from what has just been said�察�namely�察�that the scribes besides the
various readings called attention to obsolete words。 ��111�� For there is no
doubt that in Hebrew as in other languages�察 �changes of use made many
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words obsolete and antiquated�察�and such were found by the later scribes in
the sacred books and noted by them with a view to the books being
publicly read according to custom。 ��112�� For this reason the word nahgar
is always found marked because its gender was originally common�察�and it
had the same meaning as the Latin juvenis ��a young person��。 ��113�� So also
the Hebrew capital was anciently called Jerusalem�察�not Jerusalaim。 ��114��
As to the pronouns himself and herself�察 �I think that the later scribes
changed vau into jod ��a very frequent change in Hebrew�� when they
wished to express the feminine gender�察 �but that the ancients only
distinguished the two genders by a change of vowels。 ��115�� I may also
remark that the irregular tenses of certain verbs differ in the ancient and
modern forms�察�it being formerly considered a mark of elegance to employ
certain letters agreeable to the ear。
��116�� In a word�察�I could easily multiply proofs of this kind if I were
not afraid of abusing the patience of the reader。 ��117�� Perhaps I shall be
asked how I became acquainted with the fact that all these expressions are
obsolete。 ��118�� I reply that I have found them in the most ancient Hebrew
writers in the Bible itself�察 �and that they have not been imitated by
subsequent authors�察�and thus they are recognized as antiquated�察�though the
language in which they occur is dead。 ��119�� But perhaps someone may
press the question why�察�if it be true�察�as I say�察�that the marginal notes of the
Bible generally mark various readings�察 �there are never more than two
readings of a passage�察�that in the text and that in the margin�察 �instead of
three or more�察�and further�察�how the scribes can have hesitated between two
readings�察�one of which is evidently contrary to grammar�察�and the other a
plain correction。
��120�� The answer to these questions also is easy�此�I will premise that it
is almost certain that there once were more various readings than those
now recorded。 ��121�� For instance�察�one finds many in the Talmud which the
Massoretes have neglected�察 �and are so different one from the other that
even the superstitious editor of the Bomberg Bible confesses that he
cannot harmonize them。 ��122�� ;We cannot say anything�察─ �he writes�察�
;except what we have said above�察�namely�察�that the Talmud is generally in
contradiction to the Massorete。; ��123�� So that we are nor bound to hold
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that there never were more than two readings of any passage�察 �yet I am
willing to admit�察 �and indeed I believe that more than two readings are
never found�此 �and for the following reasons�此���124�� ��I。�� The cause of the
differences of reading only admits of two�察�being generally the similarity of
certain letters�察 �so that the question resolved itself into which should be
written Beth�察 �or Kaf�察 �Jod or Vau�察 �Daleth or Reth�此 �cases which are
constantly occurring�察 �and frequently yielding a fairly good meaning
whichever alternative be adopted。 ��125�� Sometimes�察 �too�察 �it is a question
whether a syllable be long or short�察 �quantity being determined by the
letters called mutes。 ��126�� Moreover�察 �we never asserted that all the
marginal versions�察 �without exception�察 �marked various readings�察 �on the
contrary�察�we have stated that many were due to motives of decency or a
desire to explain obsolete words。 ��127�� ��II。�� I am inclined to attribute the
fact that more than two readings are never found to the paucity of
exemplars�察�perhaps not more than two or three�察�found by the scribes。 ��128��
In the treatise of the scribes�察 �chap。 vi。�察 �mention is made of three only�察�
pretended to have been found in the time of Ezra�察 �in order that the
marginal versions might be attributed to him。
��129�� However that may be�察�if the scribes only had three codices we
may easily imagine that in a given passage two of them would be in
accord�察 �for it would be extraordinary if each one of the three gave a
different reading of the same text。
��130�� The dearth of copies after the time of Ezra will surprise no one
who has read the 1st chapter of Maccabees�察 �or Josephus's ;Antiquities�察─�
Bk。 12�察�chap。 5。 ��131�� Nay�察�it appears wonderful considering the fierce and
daily persecution�察�that even these few should have been preserved。 ��132��
This will�察�I think�察�be plain to even a cursory reader of the history of those
times。
��133�� We have thus discovered the reasons why there are never more
than two readings of a passage in the Bible�察�but this is a long way from
supposing that we may therefore conclude that the Bible was purposely
written incorrectly in such passages in order to signify some mystery。 ��134��
As to the second argument�察�that some passages are so faultily written that
they are at plain variance with all grammar�察 �and should have been
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