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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及4何蛍
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does not explain things by their secondary causes�察�but only narrates them
in the order and the style which has most power to move men�察 �and
especially uneducated men�察 �to devotion�察 �and therefore it speaks
inaccurately of God and of events�察�seeing that its object is not to convince
the reason�察�but to attract and lay hold of the imagination。 ��86�� If the Bible
were to describe the destruction of an empire in the style of political
historians�察�the masses would remain unstirred�察�whereas the contrary is the
case when it adopts the method of poetic description�察�and refers all things
immediately to God。 ��87�� When�察�therefore�察�the Bible says that the earth is
barren because of men's sins�察 �or that the blind were healed by faith�察 �we
ought to take no more notice than when it says that God is angry at men's
sins�察�that He is sad�察�that He repents of the good He has promised and done�察�
or that on seeing a sign he remembers something He had promised�察�and
other similar expressions�察�which are either thrown out poetically or related
according to the opinion and prejudices of the writer。
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��88�� We may�察 �then�察 �be absolutely certain that every event which is
truly described in Scripture necessarily happened�察 �like everything else�察�
according to natural laws�察�and if anything is there set down which can be
proved in set terms to contravene the order of nature�察 �or not to be
deducible therefrom�察 �we must believe it to have been foisted into the
sacred writings by irreligious hands�察�for whatsoever is contrary to nature is
also contrary to reason�察�and whatsoever is contrary to reason is absurd�察�and�察�
ipso facto�察�to be rejected。
��89�� There remain some points concerning the interpretation of
miracles to be noted�察�or rather to be recapitulated�察�for most of them have
been already stated。 ��90�� These I proceed to discuss in the fourth division
of my subject�察 �and I am led to do so lest anyone should�察 �by wrongly
interpreting a miracle�察 �rashly suspect that he has found something in
Scripture contrary to human reason。
��91�� It is very rare for men to relate an event simply as it happened�察�
without adding any element of their own judgment。 ��92�� When they see or
hear anything new�察 �they are�察 �unless strictly on their guard�察 �so occupied
with their own preconceived opinions that they perceive something quite
different from the plain facts seen or heard�察�especially if such facts surpass
the comprehension of the beholder or hearer�察 �and�察 �most of all�察 �if he is
interested in their happening in a given way。
��93�� Thus men relate in chronicles and histories their own opinions
rather than actual events�察�so that one and the same event is so differently
related by two men of different opinions�察�that it seems like two separate
occurrences�察 �and�察 �further�察 �it is very easy from historical chronicles to
gather the personal opinions of the historian。
��94�� I could cite many instances in proof of this from the writings both
of natural philosophers and historians�察�but I will content myself with one
only from Scripture�察�and leave the reader to judge of the rest。
��95�� In the time of Joshua the Hebrews held the ordinary opinion that
the sun moves with a daily motion�察�and that the earth remains at rest�察�to
this preconceived opinion they adapted the miracle which occurred during
their battle with the five kings。 ��96�� They did not simply relate that that
day was longer than usual�察�but asserted that the sun and moon stood still�察�
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or ceased from their motion ´ a statement which would be of great service
to them at that time in convincing and proving by experience to the
Gentiles�察�who worshipped the sun�察�that the sun was under the control of
another deity who could compel it to change its daily course。 ��97�� Thus�察�
partly through religious motives�察 �partly through preconceived opinions�察�
they conceived of and related the occurrence as something quite different
from what really happened。
��98�� Thus in order to interpret the Scriptural miracles and understand
from the narration of them how they really happened�察 �it is necessary to
know the opinions of those who first related them�察�and have recorded them
for us in writing�察 �and to distinguish such opinions from the actual
impression made upon their senses�察�otherwise we shall confound opinions
and judgments with the actual miracle as it really occurred�此�nay�察�further�察�
we shall confound actual events with symbolical and imaginary ones。 ��99��
For many things are narrated in Scripture as real�察�and were believed to be
real�察 �which were in fact only symbolical and imaginary。 ��100�� As�察 �for
instance�察 �that God came down from heaven ��Exod。 xix��28�察 �Deut。 v��28���察�
and that Mount Sinai smoked because God descended upon it surrounded
with fire�察�or�察 �again that Elijah ascended into heaven in a chariot of fire�察�
with horses of fire�察 �all these things were assuredly merely symbols
adapted to the opinions of those who have handed them down to us as they
were represented to them�察 �namely�察 �as real。 ��101�� All who have any
education know that God has no right hand nor left�察�that He is not moved
nor at rest�察�nor in a particular place�察�but that He is absolutely infinite and
contains in Himself all perfections。
��102�� These things�察�I repeat�察�are known to whoever judges of things by
the perception of pure reason�察 �and not according as his imagination is
affected by his outward senses。 ��103�� Following the example of the masses
who imagine a bodily Deity�察 �holding a royal court with a throne on the
convexity of heaven�察�above the stars�察�which are believed to be not very�察�far
off from the earth。
��104�� To these and similar opinions very many narrations in Scripture
are adapted�察 �and should not�察 �therefore�察 �be mistaken by philosophers for
realities。
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��105�� Lastly�察 �in order to understand�察 �in the case of miracles�察 �what
actually took place�察 �we ought to be familiar with Jewish phrases and
metaphors�察 �anyone who did not make sufficient allowance for these�察�
would be continually seeing miracles in Scripture where nothing of the
kind is intended by the writer�察�he would thus miss the knowledge not only
of what actually happened�察�but also of the mind of the writers of the sacred
text。 ��106�� For instance�察�Zechariah speaking of some future war says ��chap。
xiv��7���此 �It shall be one day which shall be known to the Lord�察�not day�察�nor
night�察�but at even time it shall be light。; In these words he seems to predict
a great miracle�察 �yet he only means that the battle will be doubtful the
whole day�察 �that the issue will be known only to God�察 �but that in the
evening they will gain the victory�此�the prophets frequently used to predict
victories and defeats of the nations in similar phrases。 ��107�� Thus Isaiah�察�
describing the destruction of Babylon�察 �says ��chap。 xiii。���此 �The stars of
heaven�察 �and the constellations thereof�察 �shall not give their light�察 �the sun
shall be darkened in his going forth�察�and the moon shall not cause her light
to shine。; ��108�� Now I suppose no one imagines that at the destruction of
Babylon these phenomena actually occurred any more than that which the
prophet adds�察 �For I will make the heavens to tremble�察 �and remove the
earth out of her place。;
��109�� So�察�too�察�Isaiah in foretelling to the Jews that they would return
from Babylon to Jerusalem in safety�察�and would not suffer from thirst on
their journey�察�says�此 �And they thirsted not when He led them through the
deserts�察�He caused the waters to flow out of the rocks for them�察�He clave
the rocks�察 �and the waters gushed out。; ��110�� These words merely mean
that the Jews�察�like other people�察�found springs in the desert�察�at which they
quenched their thirst�察 �for when the Jews returned to Jerusalem with the
consent of Cyrus�察�it is admitted that no similar miracles befell them。
��111�� In this way many occurrences in the Bible are to be regarded
merely as Jewish expressions。 ��112�� There is no need for me to go through
them in detail�察�but I will call attention generally to the fact that the Jews
employed such phrases not only rhetorically�察�but also�察�and indeed chiefly�察�
from devotional motives。 ��113�� Such is the reason for the substitution of
;bless God; for ;curse God; in 1 Kings xxi��10�察�and Job ii��9�察�and for all
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things being referred to God�察 �whence it appears that the Bible seems to
relate nothing but miracles�察 �even when speaking of the most ordinar
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