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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及4何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



does not explain things by their secondary causes�察�but only narrates them 

in   the   order   and   the  style   which    has   most    power    to  move     men�察  �and 

especially      uneducated       men�察    �to   devotion�察    �and    therefore     it   speaks 

inaccurately of God and of events�察�seeing that its object is not to convince 

the reason�察�but to attract and lay hold of the imagination。 ��86�� If the Bible 

were   to   describe   the   destruction   of   an   empire   in   the   style   of   political 

historians�察�the masses would remain unstirred�察�whereas the contrary is the 

case when it adopts the method of poetic description�察�and refers all things 

immediately to God。 ��87�� When�察�therefore�察�the Bible says that the earth is 

barren because   of   men's   sins�察 �or   that the   blind  were   healed   by  faith�察  �we 

ought to take no more notice than when it says that God is angry at men's 

sins�察�that He is sad�察�that He repents of the good He has promised and done�察�

or that on seeing a sign he remembers something He had promised�察�and 

other similar expressions�察�which are either thrown out poetically or related 

according to the opinion and prejudices of the writer。 



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     ��88��   We   may�察  �then�察  �be   absolutely   certain   that   every   event   which   is 

truly   described   in   Scripture   necessarily   happened�察  �like   everything   else�察�

according to natural laws�察�and if anything is there set down which can be 

proved      in  set  terms    to  contravene      the   order   of   nature�察  �or   not   to  be 

deducible   therefrom�察  �we   must   believe   it   to   have   been   foisted   into   the 

sacred writings by irreligious hands�察�for whatsoever is contrary to nature is 

also contrary to reason�察�and whatsoever is contrary to reason is absurd�察�and�察�

ipso facto�察�to be rejected。 

     ��89��    There     remain     some     points    concerning      the   interpretation      of 

miracles to be noted�察�or rather to be recapitulated�察�for most of them have 

been already stated。 ��90�� These I proceed to discuss in the fourth division 

of   my   subject�察  �and   I   am   led   to   do   so   lest   anyone   should�察  �by   wrongly 

interpreting      a  miracle�察   �rashly   suspect    that   he   has   found    something      in 

Scripture contrary to human reason。 

     ��91�� It is very rare for men to relate an event simply as it happened�察�

without adding any element of their own judgment。 ��92�� When they see or 

hear   anything   new�察  �they   are�察  �unless   strictly   on   their   guard�察  �so   occupied 

with their own preconceived opinions that they perceive something quite 

different from the plain facts seen or heard�察�especially if such facts surpass 

the   comprehension   of   the   beholder   or   hearer�察  �and�察  �most   of   all�察  �if   he   is 

interested in their happening in a given way。 

     ��93��   Thus   men   relate   in   chronicles   and   histories   their   own   opinions 

rather than actual events�察�so that one and the same event is so differently 

related by two men of different opinions�察�that it seems like two separate 

occurrences�察  �and�察  �further�察  �it   is   very   easy   from   historical   chronicles   to 

gather the personal opinions of the historian。 

     ��94�� I could cite many instances in proof of this from the writings both 

of natural philosophers and historians�察�but I will content myself with one 

only from Scripture�察�and leave the reader to judge of the rest。 

     ��95�� In the time of Joshua the Hebrews held the ordinary opinion that 

the sun moves with a daily motion�察�and that the earth remains at rest�察�to 

this preconceived opinion they adapted the miracle which occurred during 

their battle with the five kings。 ��96�� They did not simply relate that that 

day was longer than usual�察�but asserted that the sun and moon stood still�察�



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or ceased from their motion ´ a statement which would be of great service 

to   them   at   that  time    in  convincing   and      proving     by   experience     to  the 

Gentiles�察�who worshipped the sun�察�that the sun was under the control of 

another deity who could compel it to change its daily course。 ��97�� Thus�察�

partly   through   religious   motives�察  �partly   through   preconceived   opinions�察�

they conceived of and related the occurrence as something quite different 

from what really happened。 

     ��98�� Thus in order to interpret the Scriptural miracles and understand 

from  the   narration   of   them   how   they  really   happened�察  �it   is   necessary   to 

know the opinions of those who first related them�察�and have recorded them 

for    us  in   writing�察   �and   to   distinguish     such   opinions     from    the   actual 

impression made upon their senses�察�otherwise we shall confound opinions 

and judgments with the actual miracle as it really occurred�此�nay�察�further�察�

we shall confound actual events with symbolical and imaginary ones。 ��99�� 

For many things are narrated in Scripture as real�察�and were believed to be 

real�察  �which   were   in   fact   only   symbolical   and   imaginary。   ��100��   As�察  �for 

instance�察  �that   God   came   down   from   heaven   ��Exod。   xix��28�察  �Deut。   v��28���察�

and that Mount Sinai smoked because God descended upon it surrounded 

with   fire�察�or�察  �again that   Elijah   ascended into   heaven   in   a   chariot of   fire�察�

with     horses    of  fire�察 �all  these    things   were     assuredly    merely     symbols 

adapted to the opinions of those who have handed them down to us as they 

were     represented      to  them�察   �namely�察    �as  real。   ��101��   All   who    have    any 

education know that God has no right hand nor left�察�that He is not moved 

nor at rest�察�nor in a particular place�察�but that He is absolutely infinite and 

contains in Himself all perfections。 

     ��102�� These things�察�I repeat�察�are known to whoever judges of things by 

the   perception   of   pure   reason�察  �and   not   according   as   his   imagination   is 

affected by his outward senses。 ��103�� Following the example of the masses 

who   imagine   a   bodily  Deity�察  �holding   a   royal   court   with   a   throne   on   the 

convexity of heaven�察�above the stars�察�which are believed to be not very�察�far 

off from the earth。 

     ��104�� To these and similar opinions very many narrations in Scripture 

are   adapted�察  �and   should   not�察  �therefore�察  �be   mistaken   by   philosophers   for 

realities。 



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     ��105��   Lastly�察  �in   order   to   understand�察  �in   the   case   of   miracles�察  �what 

actually   took   place�察  �we   ought   to   be   familiar   with   Jewish   phrases   and 

metaphors�察      �anyone     who     did   not   make    sufficient    allowance      for   these�察�

would   be   continually   seeing   miracles   in   Scripture   where   nothing   of   the 

kind is intended by the writer�察�he would thus miss the knowledge not only 

of what actually happened�察�but also of the mind of the writers of the sacred 

text。 ��106�� For instance�察�Zechariah speaking of some future war says ��chap。 

xiv��7���此 �It shall be one day which shall be known to the Lord�察�not day�察�nor 

night�察�but at even time it shall be light。; In these words he seems to predict 

a   great   miracle�察  �yet   he   only   means   that   the   battle   will   be   doubtful   the 

whole   day�察  �that   the   issue   will   be   known   only   to   God�察  �but   that   in   the 

evening they will gain the victory�此�the prophets frequently used to predict 

victories and defeats of the nations in similar phrases。 ��107�� Thus Isaiah�察�

describing   the   destruction   of   Babylon�察  �says   ��chap。   xiii。���此   �The   stars   of 

heaven�察 �and   the  constellations   thereof�察 �shall   not   give   their light�察  �the  sun 

shall be darkened in his going forth�察�and the moon shall not cause her light 

to shine。; ��108�� Now I suppose no one imagines that at the destruction of 

Babylon these phenomena actually occurred any more than that which the 

prophet   adds�察   �For   I   will   make   the   heavens   to   tremble�察  �and   remove   the 

earth out of her place。; 

     ��109�� So�察�too�察�Isaiah in foretelling to the Jews that they would return 

from Babylon to Jerusalem in safety�察�and would not suffer from thirst on 

their journey�察�says�此 �And they thirsted not when He led them through the 

deserts�察�He caused the waters to flow out of the rocks for them�察�He clave 

the   rocks�察  �and   the   waters   gushed   out。;   ��110��   These   words   merely   mean 

that the Jews�察�like other people�察�found springs in the desert�察�at which they 

quenched   their   thirst�察  �for   when   the   Jews   returned   to   Jerusalem   with   the 

consent of Cyrus�察�it is admitted that no similar miracles befell them。 

     ��111��   In   this   way   many   occurrences   in   the   Bible   are   to   be   regarded 

merely as Jewish expressions。 ��112�� There is no need for me to go through 

them in detail�察�but I will call attention generally to the fact that the Jews 

employed such phrases not only rhetorically�察�but also�察�and indeed chiefly�察�

from devotional motives。 ��113�� Such is the reason for the substitution of 

;bless God; for ;curse God; in 1 Kings xxi��10�察�and Job ii��9�察�and for all 



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things   being   referred   to   God�察  �whence  it   appears   that   the   Bible   seems   to 

relate   nothing   but   miracles�察  �even   when   speaking   of   the   most   ordinar
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��