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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及6何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



increasing the admiration and veneration felt for Scripture�察�men strive to 

explain it so as to make it appear to contradict�察�as far as possible�察�both one 

and the other�此�thus they dream that most profound mysteries lie hid in the 

Bible�察�and weary themselves out in the investigation of these absurdities�察�

to   the   neglect    of   what    is  useful。    ��7��  Every     result   of  their   diseased 

imagination they attribute to the Holy Ghost�察�and strive to defend with the 

utmost zeal and passion�察�for it is an observed fact that men employ their 

reason to defend conclusions arrived at by reason�察�but conclusions arrived 

at by the passions are defended by the passions。 

     ��8��   If   we   would   separate   ourselves   from  the   crowd   and   escape   from 

theological   prejudices�察  �instead   of   rashly   accepting   human   commentaries 

for Divine documents�察�we   must consider   the true   method of interpreting 

Scripture and dwell upon it at some length�此�for if we remain in ignorance 

of this we cannot know�察�certainly�察�what the Bible and the Holy Spirit wish 

to teach。 

     ��9��I may sum up the matter by saying that the method of interpreting 

Scripture does not widely differ from the method of interpreting nature ´ in 

fact�察�it is almost the same。 ��10�� For as the interpretation of nature consists 

in   the   examination       of  the   history   of   nature�察  �and    therefrom     deducing 

definitions   of   natural   phenomena   on   certain   fixed   axioms�察  �so   Scriptural 

interpretation proceeds by the examination of Scripture�察�and inferring the 

intention   of   its   authors   as   a   legitimate   conclusion   from   its   fundamental 

principles。 ��11�� By working in this manner everyone will always advance 

without danger of error ´ that is�察�if they admit no principles for interpreting 

Scripture�察�and discussing its contents save such as they find in Scripture 

itself ´ and will be able with equal security to discuss what surpasses our 

understanding�察�and what is known by the natural light of reason。 

     ��12�� In order to make clear that such a method is not only correct�察�but 

is   also   the   only   one   advisable�察  �and   that   it   agrees   with   that   employed   in 

interpreting      nature�察  �I  must    remark     that  Scripture     very   often    treats  of 

matters which cannot be deduced from principles known to reason�此�for it is 



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chiefly   made      up   of   narratives    and   revelation�此    �the  narratives     generally 

contain miracles ´ that is�察�as we have shown in the last chapter�察�relations of 

extraordinary natural occurrences adapted to the opinions and judgment of 

the historians who recorded them�此�the revelations also were adapted to the 

opinions   of   the   prophets�察  �as   we   showed   in   Chap。   II。�察  �and   in   themselves 

surpassed   human   comprehension。   ��13��   Therefore   the   knowledge   of   all 

these ´ that is�察�of nearly the whole contents of Scripture�察�must be sought 

from   Scripture   alone�察  �even   as   the   knowledge   of   nature   is   sought   from 

nature。   ��14�� As   for   the   moral   doctrines   which   are   also   contained   in   the 

Bible�察  �they   may   be   demonstrated   from   received   axioms�察  �but   we   cannot 

prove in the same manner that Scripture intended to teach them�察�this can 

only be learned from Scripture itself。 

     ��15��   If   we   would   bear   unprejudiced   witness   to   the   Divine   origin   of 

Scripture�察�we must prove   solely on its own   authority that it teaches true 

moral     doctrines�察    �for   by   such    means     alone    can   its  Divine     origin    be 

demonstrated�此�we have shown that the certitude of the prophets depended 

chiefly     on   their  having     minds    turned    towards     what    is  just  and    good�察�

therefore we ought to have proof of their possessing this quality before we 

repose faith in them。 ��16�� From miracles God's divinity cannot be proved�察�

as I have already shown�察�and need not now repeat�察�for miracles could be 

     wrought       by   false   prophets。     ��17��   Wherefore       the   Divine    origin    of 

Scripture must consist solely in its teaching true virtue。 ��18�� But we must 

come   to   our   conclusion   simply   on   Scriptural   grounds�察  �for   if   we   were 

unable to do so we could not�察�unless strongly prejudiced accept the Bible 

and bear witness to its Divine origin。 

     ��19�� Our knowledge of Scripture must then be looked for in Scripture 

only。 

     ��20�� Lastly�察�Scripture does not give us definition of things any  more 

than nature does�此�therefore�察�such definitions must be sought in the   latter 

case   from   the   diverse   workings   of   nature�察  �in   the   former   case�察  �from   the 

various narratives about the given subject which occur in the Bible。 

     ��21��   The   universal   rule�察  �then�察  �in   interpreting   Scripture   is   to   accept 

nothing as an authoritative Scriptural statement which we do not perceive 

very  clearly   when   we   examine   it   in   the   light   of   its   history。   ��22��   What   I 



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mean by its history�察�and what should be the chief points elucidated�察�I will 

now explain。 

     ��23�� The history of a Scriptural statement comprises ´ 

     ��23�� I。 The nature and properties of the language in which the books of 

the   Bible   were   written�察  �and   in   which   their   authors   were�察  �accustomed   to 

speak。     ��24��   We    shall   thus   be   able   to  investigate    every   expression       by 

comparison with common conversational usages。 

     ��25�� Now all the writers both of the Old Testament and the New were 

Hebrews�此  �therefore�察  �a   knowledge   of   the   Hebrew   language   is   before   all 

things   necessary�察  �not   only   for   the   comprehension   of   the   Old   Testament�察�

which was   written   in   that tongue�察 �but   also of   the  New�此  �for  although the 

latter was published in other languages�察�yet its characteristics are Hebrew。 

     ��26�� II。 An analysis of each book and arrangement of its contents under 

heads�察�so that we may have at hand the various texts which treat of a given 

subject。   ��27��   Lastly�察  �a   note   of   all   the   passages   which   are   ambiguous   or 

obscure�察�or which seem mutually contradictory。 

     ��28��   I   call   passages   clear   or   obscure   according   as   their   meaning   is 

inferred easily or with difficulty in relation to the context�察�not according as 

their truth is perceived easily or the reverse by reason。 ��29�� We are at work 

not   on   the truth   of passages�察 �but   solely  on   their   meaning。  ��30�� We   must 

take especial care�察�when we are in search of the meaning of a text�察�not to 

be led away by our reason in so far as it is founded on principles of natural 

knowledge   ��to   say   nothing   of   prejudices���此  �in   order   not   to   confound   the 

meaning of a passage with its truth�察�we must examine it solely by means 

of    the  signification     of   the   words�察   �or   by   a  reason    acknowledging         no 

foundation but Scripture。 

     ��31��   I   will   illustrate   my   meaning   by  an   example。   ��32�� The   words   of 

Moses�察 �God is a fire; and ;God is jealous�察─�are perfectly clear so long as 

we   regard   merely   the   signification   of   the   words�察  �and   I   therefore   reckon 

them 

     among the clear passages�察�though in relation to reason and truth they 

are   most   obscure�此  �still�察  �although   the   literal   meaning   is   repugnant   to   the 

natural   light   of   reason�察 �nevertheless�察 �if it   cannot   be  clearly  overruled   on 

grounds and principles derived from its Scriptural ;history�察─�it�察�that is�察�the 



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literal   meaning�察     �must    be   the   one    retained�此   �and   contrariwise      if  these 

passages   literally   interpreted   are   found   to   clash   with   principles   derived 

from      Scripture�察    �though     such    literal   interpretation     were     in   absolute 

harmony with reason�察�they must be interpreted in a different manner�察�i。e。 

metaphorically。 

     ��33�� If we would know whether Moses believed God to be a fire or not�察�

we     must     on   no    account     decide     the    question     on    grounds     of   the 

reasonableness or the reverse of such an opinion�察�but must judge solely by 

the other opinions of Moses which are on record。 

     ��34�� In the present instance�察�as Moses says in several other passages 

that God has no likeness to any visible thing�察�whether in heaven or in earth�察�

or in the water�察�either all such passages must be taken metaphorically�察�or 

else the one before us must be so explained。 ��35�� However�察�as we should 

depart as little as possible from the literal sense�察�we must first ask whether 

this   text�察  �God   is   a   fire�察  �admits   of   any   but   the   literal   meaning   ´   that   is�察�

whether the word fire ever means anything besides ordinary natural fire。 

��36��   If   no   such   second   meaning   can   be   found�察  �the   text   must   be   taken 

literally�察�however repugnant to reason it may be�此�and all the other passages�察�

though in complete accordance with reason�察�must be brought into harmony 

with   it。   ��37��   If   the   verbal   expressions   would   not   admit   of   being   thus 

harmonized�察       �we   should    have    to  set  them   down      as   irreconcilable�察    �and 

suspend   our   judgment   concerning   them。   ��38��   However�察  �as   we   find   the 

name   fire   applied   to   an
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
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