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theologico-political treatise p2(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢2)-及6何蛍
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increasing the admiration and veneration felt for Scripture�察�men strive to
explain it so as to make it appear to contradict�察�as far as possible�察�both one
and the other�此�thus they dream that most profound mysteries lie hid in the
Bible�察�and weary themselves out in the investigation of these absurdities�察�
to the neglect of what is useful。 ��7�� Every result of their diseased
imagination they attribute to the Holy Ghost�察�and strive to defend with the
utmost zeal and passion�察�for it is an observed fact that men employ their
reason to defend conclusions arrived at by reason�察�but conclusions arrived
at by the passions are defended by the passions。
��8�� If we would separate ourselves from the crowd and escape from
theological prejudices�察 �instead of rashly accepting human commentaries
for Divine documents�察�we must consider the true method of interpreting
Scripture and dwell upon it at some length�此�for if we remain in ignorance
of this we cannot know�察�certainly�察�what the Bible and the Holy Spirit wish
to teach。
��9��I may sum up the matter by saying that the method of interpreting
Scripture does not widely differ from the method of interpreting nature ´ in
fact�察�it is almost the same。 ��10�� For as the interpretation of nature consists
in the examination of the history of nature�察 �and therefrom deducing
definitions of natural phenomena on certain fixed axioms�察 �so Scriptural
interpretation proceeds by the examination of Scripture�察�and inferring the
intention of its authors as a legitimate conclusion from its fundamental
principles。 ��11�� By working in this manner everyone will always advance
without danger of error ´ that is�察�if they admit no principles for interpreting
Scripture�察�and discussing its contents save such as they find in Scripture
itself ´ and will be able with equal security to discuss what surpasses our
understanding�察�and what is known by the natural light of reason。
��12�� In order to make clear that such a method is not only correct�察�but
is also the only one advisable�察 �and that it agrees with that employed in
interpreting nature�察 �I must remark that Scripture very often treats of
matters which cannot be deduced from principles known to reason�此�for it is
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chiefly made up of narratives and revelation�此 �the narratives generally
contain miracles ´ that is�察�as we have shown in the last chapter�察�relations of
extraordinary natural occurrences adapted to the opinions and judgment of
the historians who recorded them�此�the revelations also were adapted to the
opinions of the prophets�察 �as we showed in Chap。 II。�察 �and in themselves
surpassed human comprehension。 ��13�� Therefore the knowledge of all
these ´ that is�察�of nearly the whole contents of Scripture�察�must be sought
from Scripture alone�察 �even as the knowledge of nature is sought from
nature。 ��14�� As for the moral doctrines which are also contained in the
Bible�察 �they may be demonstrated from received axioms�察 �but we cannot
prove in the same manner that Scripture intended to teach them�察�this can
only be learned from Scripture itself。
��15�� If we would bear unprejudiced witness to the Divine origin of
Scripture�察�we must prove solely on its own authority that it teaches true
moral doctrines�察 �for by such means alone can its Divine origin be
demonstrated�此�we have shown that the certitude of the prophets depended
chiefly on their having minds turned towards what is just and good�察�
therefore we ought to have proof of their possessing this quality before we
repose faith in them。 ��16�� From miracles God's divinity cannot be proved�察�
as I have already shown�察�and need not now repeat�察�for miracles could be
wrought by false prophets。 ��17�� Wherefore the Divine origin of
Scripture must consist solely in its teaching true virtue。 ��18�� But we must
come to our conclusion simply on Scriptural grounds�察 �for if we were
unable to do so we could not�察�unless strongly prejudiced accept the Bible
and bear witness to its Divine origin。
��19�� Our knowledge of Scripture must then be looked for in Scripture
only。
��20�� Lastly�察�Scripture does not give us definition of things any more
than nature does�此�therefore�察�such definitions must be sought in the latter
case from the diverse workings of nature�察 �in the former case�察 �from the
various narratives about the given subject which occur in the Bible。
��21�� The universal rule�察 �then�察 �in interpreting Scripture is to accept
nothing as an authoritative Scriptural statement which we do not perceive
very clearly when we examine it in the light of its history。 ��22�� What I
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mean by its history�察�and what should be the chief points elucidated�察�I will
now explain。
��23�� The history of a Scriptural statement comprises ´
��23�� I。 The nature and properties of the language in which the books of
the Bible were written�察 �and in which their authors were�察 �accustomed to
speak。 ��24�� We shall thus be able to investigate every expression by
comparison with common conversational usages。
��25�� Now all the writers both of the Old Testament and the New were
Hebrews�此 �therefore�察 �a knowledge of the Hebrew language is before all
things necessary�察 �not only for the comprehension of the Old Testament�察�
which was written in that tongue�察 �but also of the New�此 �for although the
latter was published in other languages�察�yet its characteristics are Hebrew。
��26�� II。 An analysis of each book and arrangement of its contents under
heads�察�so that we may have at hand the various texts which treat of a given
subject。 ��27�� Lastly�察 �a note of all the passages which are ambiguous or
obscure�察�or which seem mutually contradictory。
��28�� I call passages clear or obscure according as their meaning is
inferred easily or with difficulty in relation to the context�察�not according as
their truth is perceived easily or the reverse by reason。 ��29�� We are at work
not on the truth of passages�察 �but solely on their meaning。 ��30�� We must
take especial care�察�when we are in search of the meaning of a text�察�not to
be led away by our reason in so far as it is founded on principles of natural
knowledge ��to say nothing of prejudices���此 �in order not to confound the
meaning of a passage with its truth�察�we must examine it solely by means
of the signification of the words�察 �or by a reason acknowledging no
foundation but Scripture。
��31�� I will illustrate my meaning by an example。 ��32�� The words of
Moses�察 �God is a fire; and ;God is jealous�察─�are perfectly clear so long as
we regard merely the signification of the words�察 �and I therefore reckon
them
among the clear passages�察�though in relation to reason and truth they
are most obscure�此 �still�察 �although the literal meaning is repugnant to the
natural light of reason�察 �nevertheless�察 �if it cannot be clearly overruled on
grounds and principles derived from its Scriptural ;history�察─�it�察�that is�察�the
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literal meaning�察 �must be the one retained�此 �and contrariwise if these
passages literally interpreted are found to clash with principles derived
from Scripture�察 �though such literal interpretation were in absolute
harmony with reason�察�they must be interpreted in a different manner�察�i。e。
metaphorically。
��33�� If we would know whether Moses believed God to be a fire or not�察�
we must on no account decide the question on grounds of the
reasonableness or the reverse of such an opinion�察�but must judge solely by
the other opinions of Moses which are on record。
��34�� In the present instance�察�as Moses says in several other passages
that God has no likeness to any visible thing�察�whether in heaven or in earth�察�
or in the water�察�either all such passages must be taken metaphorically�察�or
else the one before us must be so explained。 ��35�� However�察�as we should
depart as little as possible from the literal sense�察�we must first ask whether
this text�察 �God is a fire�察 �admits of any but the literal meaning ´ that is�察�
whether the word fire ever means anything besides ordinary natural fire。
��36�� If no such second meaning can be found�察 �the text must be taken
literally�察�however repugnant to reason it may be�此�and all the other passages�察�
though in complete accordance with reason�察�must be brought into harmony
with it。 ��37�� If the verbal expressions would not admit of being thus
harmonized�察 �we should have to set them down as irreconcilable�察 �and
suspend our judgment concerning them。 ��38�� However�察 �as we find the
name fire applied to an
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