嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

an account of egypt(娃式芝)-及3何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



Memphis�察�and not yet nine hundred years had gone by since the death of 

Moiris�察�when I heard these things from the priests�此�now however�察�unless 

the river rises to sixteen cubits�察�or fifteen at the least�察�it does not go over 

the   land。   I   think   too   that   those   Egyptians   who   dwell   below   the   lake   of 

Moiris and especially in that region which is called the Delta�察�if that land 

continues to   grow  in   height   according   to   this proportion   and   to   increase 

similarly  in   extent�察  �will   suffer   for   all   remaining   time�察  �from  the   Nile   not 

overflowing their land�察�that same thing which they themselves said that the 

Hellenes would at some time suffer�此�for hearing that the whole land of the 

Hellenes has rain and is not watered by rivers as theirs is�察�they said that the 

Hellenes would at some time be disappointed of a great hope and would 

suffer the ills of famine。 This saying means that if the god shall not send 

them rain�察�but shall allow drought to prevail for a long time�察�the Hellenes 

will be destroyed by hunger�察�for they have in fact no other supply of water 

to   save   them  except   from  Zeus   alone。 This   has   been   rightly  said   by   the 

Egyptians with reference to the Hellenes�此�but now let me tell how matters 

are   with   the   Egyptians   themselves   in   their   turn。   If�察  �in   accordance   with 

what   I   before   said�察  �their   land   below   Memphis   ��for   this   is   that   which   is 

increasing��   shall   continue   to   increase   in   height   according   to   the   same 

proportion as in the past time�察�assuredly those Egyptians who dwell here 

will suffer famine�察�if their land shall not have rain nor the river be able to 

go over their fields。 It is certain however that now they gather in fruit from 

the earth with less labour than any other men and also with less than the 



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other   Egyptians�察  �for   they  have   no   labour   in   breaking   up   furrows   with   a 

plough nor in hoeing nor in any other of those labours which other men 

have about a crop�察�but when the river has come up of itself and watered 

their fields and after watering has left them again�察�then each man sows his 

own field and turns into it swine�察�and when he has trodden the seed into 

the ground by means of the swine�察�after that he waits for the harvest�察�and 

when he has threshed the corn by means of the swine�察�then he gathers it in。 

     If   we   desire   to   follow   the   opinions   of   the   Ionians   as   regards   Egypt�察�

who say that the Delta alone is Egypt�察�reckoning its sea´coast to be from 

the watch´tower called of Perseus to the fish´curing houses of Pelusion�察�a 

distance of forty /schoines/�察�and counting it to extend inland as far as the 

city   of   Kercasoros�察    �where    the   Nile   divides    and   runs   to  Pelusion    and 

Canobos�察�while as for the rest of Egypt�察�they assign it partly to Libya and 

partly   to   Arabia��if�察  �I   say�察  �we  should   follow   this   account�察  �we    should 

thereby declare that in former times the Egyptians had no land to live in�察�

for�察�as we have seen�察�their Delta at any rate is alluvial�察�and has appeared 

��so to speak�� lately�察�as the Egyptians themselves say and as my opinion is。 

If then at the first there was no land for them to live in�察�why did they waste 

their labour to prove that they had come into being before all other men�拭�

They needed not to have made trial of the children to see what language 

they would first utter。 However I am not of the opinion that the Egyptians 

came into being at the same time as that which is called by the Ionians the 

Delta�察�but that they existed always ever since the human race came into 

being�察�and that as their land advanced forwards�察�many of them were left in 

their   first   abodes   and   many  came   down   gradually  to   the lower   parts。 At 

least it is certain that in old times Thebes had the name of Egypt�察�and of 

this   the   circumference   measures   six   thousand   one   hundred   and   twenty 

furlongs。 

     If   then   we   judge   aright   of   these   matters�察  �the   opinion   of   the   Ionians 

about   Egypt   is   not   sound�此  �but   if   the   judgment   of   the   Ionians   is   right�察  �I 

declare that neither the Hellenes nor the Ionians themselves know how to 

reckon since they say that the whole earth is made up of three divisions�察�

Europe�察�Asia�察�and Libya�此�for they ought to count in addition to these the 

Delta of Egypt�察�since it belongs neither to Asia nor to Libya�察�for at least it 



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cannot be the river Nile by this reckoning which divides Asia from Libya�察�

but the Nile is cleft at the point of this Delta so as to flow round it�察�and the 

result is that this land would come between Asia and Libya。 

     We dismiss then our opinion of the Ionians�察�and express a judgment of 

our own on this matter also�察�that Egypt is all that land which is inhabited 

by  Egyptians�察 �just   as   Kilikia   is   that   which   is inhabited   by  Kilikians   and 

Assyria that which is inhabited by Assyrians�察�and we know of no boundary 

properly speaking between Asia and Libya except the borders of Egypt。 If 

however      we   shall   adopt   the  opinion    which    is  commonly   held      by   the 

Hellenes�察�we  shall   suppose  that   the  whole of   Egypt�察�beginning   from  the 

Cataract and the city of Elephantine�察�is divided into two parts and that it 

thus partakes of both the names�察�since one side will thus belong to Libya 

and the other to Asia�察�for the Nile from the Cataract onwards flows to the 

sea cutting Egypt through in the midst�察�and as far as the city of Kercasoros 

the Nile flows in one single stream�察�but from this city onwards it is parted 

into    three  ways�察   �and   one�察  �which    is  called   the  Pelusian     mouth�察   �turns 

towards the East�察�the second of the ways goes towards the West�察�and this is 

called the Canobic mouth�察�but that one of the ways which is straight runs 

thus��when the  river  in   its   course  downwards comes   to the  point   of the 

Delta�察�then it cuts the Delta through the midst and so issues out to the sea。 

In this we have a portion of the water of the river which is not the smallest 

nor the least famous�察�and it is called the Sebennytic mouth。 There are also 

two other mouths which part off from the Sebennytic and go to the sea�察�

and these are called�察�one the Saitic�察�the other the Mendesian mouth。 The 

Bolbitinitic�察  �and   Bucolic   mouths�察  �on   the   other   hand�察  �are   not   natural   but 

made     by   digging。    Moreover      also  the   answer    given   by   the   Oracle   of 

Ammon bears witness in support of my opinion that Egypt is of the extent 

which I declare it to be in my account�察�and of this answer I heard after I 

had formed my own opinion about Egypt。 For those of the city of Marea 

and of Apis�察�dwelling in the parts of Egypt which border on Libya�察�being 

of opinion themselves that they were Libyans and not Egyptians�察�and also 

being burdened by the rules of religious service�察�because they desired not 

to be debarred from the use of cows' flesh�察�sent to Ammon saying that they 

had   nought   in   common   with   the   Egyptians�察  �for   they   dwelt   outside   the 



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Delta and agreed with them in nothing�察�and they said they desired that it 

might   be lawful   for  them  to   eat   everything   without   distinction。 The   god 

however did not permit them to do so�察�but said that that land was Egypt 

where the Nile came over and watered�察�and that those were Egyptians who 

dwelling   below   the   city   of   Elephantine   drank   of   that   river。   Thus   was   it 

answered   to   them   by   the   Oracle   about   this�此  �and   the   Nile�察  �when   it   is   in 

flood�察 �goes   over   not   only  the   Delta   but   also   of   the   land   which   is   called 

Libyan   and   of   that   which   is   called Arabian   sometimes   as   much   as   two 

days' journey on each side�察�and at times even more than this or at times 

less。 

     As regards the nature of the river�察�neither from the priests nor yet from 

any   other   man   was   I   able   to   obtain   any   knowledge�此  �and   I   was   desirous 

especially  to   learn   from  them  about these   matters�察  �namely  why  the   Nile 

comes down increasing in volume from the summer solstice onwards for a 

hundred   days�察  �and   then�察  �when   it   has   reached   the   number   of   these   days�察�

turns and goes back�察�failing in its stream�察�so that through the whole winter 

season   it   continues   to   be   low�察  �and   until   the   summer   solstice   returns。   Of 

none of these things was I able to receive any account from the Egyptians�察�

when I inquired of them what power the Nile has whereby it is of a nature 

opposite to that of all other rivers。 And I made inquiry�察�desiring to know 

both this which I say and also why�察�unlike all other rivers�察�it does not give 

rise to any breezes blowing from it。 However some of the Hellenes who 

desired   to   gain   distinction   for   cleverness   have   given   an   account   of   this 

water in three different ways�此�two of these I do not think it worth while 

even to speak of except only to indicate their nature�察�of which the one says 

that    the   Etesian    Winds     are   the   cause    that   makes     the   river   rise�察  �by 

preventing the Nile from  flowing out into the sea。 But often the   Etesian 

Winds fail and yet the Nile does the same work as it is wont to do�察�and 

moreover�察�if these were the cause�察�all the other rivers also which fl
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��