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栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

an account of egypt(娃式芝)-及4何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



Winds fail and yet the Nile does the same work as it is wont to do�察�and 

moreover�察�if these were the cause�察�all the other rivers also which flow in a 

direction opposed to the Etesian Winds ought to have been affected in the 

same way as the Nile�察�and even more�察�in as much as they are smaller and 

present   to   them   a   feebler   flow   of   streams�此  �but   there   are   many   of   these 

rivers in Syria and many also in Libya�察�and they are affected in no such 

manner   as   the   Nile。   The   second   way   shows   more   ignorance   than   that 



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which has been   mentioned�察 �and it   is   more   marvellous to   tell�察  �for   it says 

that the river produces these effects because it flows from the Ocean�察�and 

that the Ocean flows round the whole earth。 The third of the ways is much 

the   most   specious�察  �but   nevertheless   it   is   the   most   mistaken   of   all�此  �for 

indeed this way has no more truth in it than the rest�察�alleging as it does that 

the Nile flows from melting snow�察�whereas it flows out of Libya through 

the midst of the Ethiopians�察�and so comes out into Egypt。 How then should 

it flow from snow�察�when it flows from the hottest parts to those which are 

cooler�拭�And indeed most of the facts are such as to convince a man ��one at 

least who is capable of reasoning about such matters���察�that it is not at all 

likely that it flows from snow。 The first and greatest evidence is afforded 

by the winds�察�which blow hot from these regions�察�the second is that the 

land   is   rainless   always   and   without   frost�察  �whereas   after   snow   has   fallen 

rain must necessarily come within five days�察�so that if it snowed in those 

parts   rain   would   fall   there�察  �the   third   evidence   is   afforded   by   the   people 

dwelling there�察�who are of a black colour by reason of the burning heat。 

Moreover   kites   and   swallows   remain   there   through   the   year   and   do   not 

leave the land�察�and cranes flying from the cold weather which comes on in 

the region of Scythia come regularly to these parts for wintering�此�if then it 

snowed   ever   so   little   in   that   land   through   which   the   Nile   flows   and   in 

which it has its rise�察�none of these things would take place�察�as necessity 

compels us to admit。 As for him who talked about the Ocean�察�he carried 

his   tale   into   the   region   of   the   unknown�察  �and   so   he   need   not   be   refuted�察�

since I for my part know of no river Ocean existing�察�but I think that Homer 

or    one   of   the   poets    who    were    before     him   invented      the  name     and 

introduced it into his verse。 

     If however after I have found fault with the opinions proposed�察�I am 

bound   to   declare   an   opinion   of   my   own   about   the   matters   which   are   in 

doubt�察�I will tell what to my mind is the reason why the Nile increases in 

the   summer。   In   the   winter   season   the   Sun�察  �being   driven   away   from   his 

former path through the heaven by the stormy winds�察�comes to the upper 

parts of Libya。 If one would set forth the matter in the shortest way�察�all has 

now been said�察�for whatever region this god approaches most and stands 

directly   above�察  �this   it   may   reasonably   be   supposed   is   most   in   want   of 



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water�察�and its native streams of rivers are dried up most。 However�察�to set it 

forth   at   greater   length�察  �thus   it   is��the   Sun   passing   in   his   course   by   the 

upper parts of Libya�察�does thus�察�that is to say�察�since at all times the air in 

those   parts   is   clear   and   the   country   is   warm�察  �because   there   are   no   cold 

winds�察�in passing through it the Sun does just as he was wont to do in the 

summer�察�when going through the midst of the heaven�察�that is he draws to 

himself the water�察�and having drawn it he drives it away to the upper parts 

of the country�察�and the winds take it up and scattering it abroad melt it into 

rain�察�so it is natural that the winds which blow from this region�察�namely 

the South and South´west Winds�察�should be much the most rainy of all the 

winds。 I think however that the Sun does not send away from himself all 

the water of the Nile of each year�察�but that also he lets some remain behind 

with himself。 Then when the winter becomes milder�察�the Sun returns back 

again   to   the   midst   of   the   heaven�察  �and   from  that   time   onwards   he   draws 

equally   from   all   rivers�察  �but   in   the   meantime   they   flow   in   large   volume�察�

since   water   of   rain   mingles   with   them   in   great   quantity�察  �because   their 

country   receives   rain   then   and   is   filled   with   torrent   streams。   In   summer 

however they are weak�察�since not only the showers of rain fail them�察�but 

also they are drawn by the Sun。 The Nile however�察�alone of all rivers�察�not 

having rain and being drawn by the Sun�察�naturally flows during this time 

of winter in much less than its proper volume�察�that is much less than   in 

summer�察  �for   then   it   is   drawn   equally   with   all   the   other   waters�察  �but   in 

winter it bears the burden alone。 Thus I suppose the Sun to be the cause of 

these things。 He also is the cause in my opinion that the air in these parts is 

dry�察�since he makes it so by scorching up his path through the heaven�此�thus 

summer prevails always in the upper parts of Libya。 If however the station 

of the seasons had been changed�察�and where now in the heaven are placed 

the North Wind and winter�察�there was the station of the South Wind and of 

the midday�察�and where now is placed the South Wind�察�there was the North�察�

if this had been so�察�the Sun being driven from the midst of the heaven by 

the winter and the North Wind would go to the upper parts of Europe�察�just 

as   now  he   comes   to the upper   parts   of   Libya�察 �and passing   in   his   course 

throughout   the  whole  of   Europe   I suppose   he  would do to the  Ister   that 

which   he   now   works   upon   the   Nile。 As   to   the   breeze�察  �why   none   blows 



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from the river�察�my opinion is that from very hot places it is not natural that 

anything should blow�察�and that a breeze is wont to blow from something 

cold。 

     Let these matters then be as they are and as they were at the first�此�but 

as   to   the   sources   of   the   Nile�察  �not   one   either   of   the   Egyptians   or   of   the 

Libyans   or   of   the   Hellenes�察  �who   came   to   speech   with   me�察  �professed   to 

know anything�察�except the scribe of the sacred treasury of Athene at the 

city of Sais in Egypt。 To me however this man seemed not to be speaking 

seriously when he said that he had certain knowledge of it�察�and he said as 

follows�察�namely that there were two mountains of which the tops ran up to 

a sharp point�察�situated between the city of Syene�察�which is in the district of 

Thebes�察�and Elephantine�察�and the names of the mountains were�察�of the one 

Crophi and of the other Mophi。 From the middle between these mountains 

flowed ��he said�� the sources of the Nile�察�which were fathomless in depth�察�

and   half   of   the   water   flowed to   Egypt   and   towards the   North Wind�察 �the 

other half to Ethiopia and the South Wind。 As for the fathomless depth of 

the source�察�he said that Psammetichos king of Egypt came to a trial of this 

matter�察  �for   he   had   a   rope   twisted   of   many   thousand   fathoms   and   let   it 

down   in   this   place�察  �and   it   found   no   bottom。   By   this   the   scribe   ��if   this 

which he told was really as he said�� gave me to understand that there were 

certain strong eddies there and a backward flow�察�and that since the water 

dashed against the mountains�察�therefore the sounding´line could not come 

to any bottom when it was let down。 From no other person was I able to 

learn anything about this matter�察�but for the rest I learnt so much as here 

follows by the most diligent inquiry�察�for I went myself as an eye´witness 

as far as the city of Elephantine and from that point onwards I gathered 

knowledge by report。 From the city of Elephantine as one goes up the river 

there is country which slopes steeply�察�so that here one must attach ropes to 

the   vessel   on   both   sides�察  �as   one   fastens   an   ox�察  �and   so   make   one's   way 

onward�察�and if the rope break�察�the vessel is gone at once�察�carried away by 

the violence  of the  stream。 Through   this country  it is   a voyage of   about 

four   days   in   length�察  �and   in   this   part   the   Nile   is   winding   like   the   river 

Maiander�察�and the distance amounts to twelve /schoines/�察�which one must 

traverse in this manner。 Then you will come to a level plain�察�in which the 



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Nile flows round an island named Tachompso。 ��Now in the regions above 

the    Elephantine     there   dwell   Ethiopians     at  once    succeeding�察    �who    also 

occupy   half   of   the   island�察  �and   Egyptians   the   other   half。�� Adjoining   this 

island there is a great lake�察�round which dwell Ethiopian nomad tribes�察�and 

when you have sailed through this you will come to the stream of the Nile 

again�察�which flows into this lake。 After this you will disembark and make 

a journey by land of forty days�察�for in the Nile sharp rocks stand forth out 

of the water�察 �and there are  many reefs�察�by  which it is   not possible for  a 

vessel to pass。 Then after having passed through t
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��