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an account of egypt(娃式芝)-及6何蛍
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secretly the things that are unseemly though necessary�察�but those which are
not unseemly�察�in public�此�no woman is a minister either of male or female
divinity�察�but men of all�察�both male and female�此�to support their parents the
sons are in no way compelled�察 �if they do not desire to do so�察 �but the
daughters are forced to do so�察�be they never so unwilling。 The priests of
the gods in other lands wear long hair�察�but in Egypt they shave their heads�此�
among other men the custom is that in mourning those whom the matter
concerns most nearly have their hair cut short�察 �but the Egyptians�察 �when
deaths occur�察�let their hair grow long�察�both that on the head and that on the
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chin�察�having before been close shaven�此�other men have their daily living
separated from beasts�察�but the Egyptians have theirs together with beasts�此�
other men live on wheat and on barley�察�but to any one of the Egyptians
who makes his living on these it is a great reproach�察�they make their bread
of maize�察�which some call spelt�此�they knead dough with their feet and clay
with their hands�察�with which also they gather up dung�此�and whereas other
men�察�except such as have learnt otherwise from the Egyptians�察�have their
members as nature made them�察�the Egyptians practice circumcision�此�as to
garments�察�the men wear two each and the women but one�此 �and whereas
others make fast the rings and ropes of the sails outside the ship�察 �the
Egyptians do this inside�此�finally in the writing of characters and reckoning
with pebbles�察�while the Hellenes carry the hand from the left to the right�察�
the Egyptians do this from the right to the left�察�and doing so they say that
they do it themselves rightwise and the Hellenes leftwise�此 �and they use
two kinds of characters for writing�察�of which the one kind is called sacred
and the other common。
They are religious excessively beyond all other men�察�and with regard
to this they have customs as follows��they drink from cups of bronze and
rinse them out every day�察 �and not some only do this but all�此 �they wear
garments of linen always newly washed�察 �and this they make a special
point of practice�此�they circumcise themselves for the sake of cleanliness�察�
preferring to be clean rather than comely。 The priests shave themselves all
over their body every other day�察�so that no lice or any other foul thing may
come to be upon them when they minister to the gods�察�and the priests wear
garments of linen only and sandals of papyrus�察�and any other garment they
may not take nor other sandals�察�these wash themselves in cold water twice
in a day and twice again in the night�察 �and other religious services they
perform ��one may almost say�� of infinite number。 They enjoy also good
things not a few�察�for they do not consume or spend anything of their own
substance�察 �but there is sacred bread baked for them and they have each
great quantity of flesh of oxen and geese coming in to them each day�察�and
also wine of grapes is given to them�察�but it is not permitted to them to taste
of fish�此�beans moreover the Egyptians do not at all sow in their land�察�and
those which they grow they neither eat raw nor boil for food�察 �nay the
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priests do not endure even to look upon them�察 �thinking this to be an
unclean kind of pulse�此�and there is not one priest only for each of the gods
but many�察�and of them one is chief´priest�察�and whenever a priest dies his
son is appointed to his place。
The males of the ox kind they consider to belong to Epaphos�察�and on
account of him they test them in the following manner��If the priest sees
one single black hair upon the beast he counts it not clean for sacrifice�察�
and one of the priests who is appointed for the purpose makes
investigation of these matters�察�both when the beast is standing upright and
when it is lying on its back�察�drawing out its tongue moreover�察�to see if it is
clean in respect of the appointed signs�察�which I shall tell of in another part
of the history�此 �he looks also at the hairs of the tail to see if it has them
growing in a natural manner�察�and if it be clean in respect of all these things�察�
he marks it with a piece of papyrus�察�rolling this round the horns�察�and then
when he has plastered sealing´earth over it he sets upon it the seal of his
signet´ring�察 �and after that they take the animal away。 But for one who
sacrifices a beast not sealed the penalty appointed is death。 In this way
then the beast is tested�察 �and their appointed manner of sacrifice is as
follows��they lead the sealed beast to the altar where they happen to be
sacrificing�察 �and then kindle a fire�此 �after that�察 �having poured libations of
wine over the altar so that it runs down upon the victim and having called
upon the god�察�they cut its throat�察�and having cut its throat they sever the
head from the body。 The body then of the beast they flay�察 �but upon the
head they make many imprecations first�察�and then they who have a market
and Hellenes sojourning among them for trade�察 �these carry it to the
market´place and sell it�察 �while they who have no Hellenes among them
cast it away into the river�此�and this is the form of imprecations which they
utter upon the heads�察 �praying that if any evil be about to befall either
themselves who are offering sacrifice or the land of Egypt in general�察 �it
may come rather upon this head。 Now as regards the heads of the beasts
which are sacrificed and the pouring over them of the wine�察 �all the
Egyptians have the same customs equally for all their sacrifices�察 �and by
reason of this custom none of the Egyptians eat of the head either of this
or of any other kind of animal�此 �but the manner of disembowelling the
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victims and of burning them is appointed among them differently for
different sacrifices�察�I shall speak however of the sacrifices to that goddess
whom they regard as the greatest of all�察�and to whom they celebrate the
greatest feast。When they have flayed the bullock and made imprecation�察�
they take out the whole of its lower entrails but leave in the body the upper
entrails and the fat�察�and they sever from it the legs and the end of the loin
and the shoulders and the neck�此�and this done�察�they fill the rest of the body
of the animal with consecrated loaves and honey and raisins and figs and
frankincense and myrrh and every other kind of spices�察�and having filled it
with these they offer it�察�pouring over it great abundance of oil。 They make
their sacrifice after fasting�察�and while the offerings are being burnt�察�they
all beat themselves for mourning�察 �and when they have finished beating
themselves they set forth as a feast that which they left unburnt of the
sacrifice。 The clean males then of the ox kind�察 �both full´grown animals
and calves�察�are sacrificed by all the Egyptians�察�the females however they
may not sacrifice�察�but these are sacred to Isis�察�for the figure of Isis is in the
form of a woman with cow's horns�察 �just as the Hellenes present Io in
pictures�察�and all the Egyptians without distinction reverence cows far more
than any other kind of cattle�察�for which reason neither man nor woman of
the Egyptian race would kiss a man who is a Hellene on the mouth�察�nor
will they use a knife or roasting´spits or a caldron belonging to a Hellene�察�
nor taste the flesh even of a clean animal if it has been cut with the knife
of a Hellene。 And the cattle of this kind which die they bury in the
following manner��the females they cast into the river�察�but the males they
bury�察�each people in the suburb of their town�察�with one of the horns�察 �or
sometimes both�察�protruding to mark the place�察�and when the bodies have
rotted away and the appointed time comes on�察�then to each city comes a
boat from that which is called the island of Prosopitis ��this is in the Delta�察�
and the extent of its circuit is nine /schoines/��。 In this island of Prosopitis
is situated�察�besides many other cities�察�that one from which the boats come
to take up the bones of the oxen�察�and the name of the city is Atarbechis�察�
and in it there is set up a holy temple of Aphrodite。 From this city many go
abroad in various directions�察�some to one city and others to another�察�and
when they have dug up the bones of the oxen they carry them off�察 �and
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coming together they bury them in one single place。 In the same manner as
they bury the oxen they bury also their other cattle when they die�察 �for
about them also they have the same law laid down�察 �and these also they
abstain from killing。
Now all who have a temple set up to the Theban Zeus or who are of
the district of Thebes�察 �these�察 �I say�察 �all sacrifice goats and abstain from
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