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an account of egypt(娃式芝)-及7何蛍
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the district of Thebes�察 �these�察 �I say�察 �all sacrifice goats and abstain from
sheep�此�for not all the Egyptians equally reverence the same gods�察�except
only Isis and Osiris ��who they say is Dionysos���察�these they all reverence
alike�此�but they who have a temple of Mendes or belong to the Mendesian
district�察 �these abstain from goats and sacrifice sheep。 Now the men of
Thebes and those who after their example abstain from sheep�察�say that this
custom was established among them for the cause which follows�此�
Heracles ��they say�� had an earnest desire to see Zeus�察 �and Zeus did not
desire to be seen of him�察�and at last when Heracles was urgent in entreaty
Zeus contrived this device�察�that is to say�察�he flayed a ram and held in front
of him the head of the ram which he had cut off�察�and he put on over him
the fleece and then showed himself to him。 Hence the Egyptians make the
image of Zeus with the face of a ram�察�and the Ammonians do so also after
their example�察 �being settlers both from the Egyptians and from the
Ethiopians�察�and using a language which is a medley of both tongues�此�and
in my opinion it is from this god that the Egyptians call Zeus /Amun/。 The
Thebans then do not sacrifice rams but hold them sacred for this reason�察�
on one day however in the year�察�on the feast of Zeus�察�they cut up in the
same manner and flay one single ram and cover with its skin the image of
Zeus�察�and then they bring up to it another image of Heracles。 This done�察�
all who are in the temple beat themselves in lamentation for the ram�察�and
then they bury it in a sacred tomb。
About Heracles I heard the account given that he was of the number of
the twelve gods�察�but of the other Heracles whom the Hellenes know I was
not able to hear in any part of Egypt�此 �and moreover to prove that the
Egyptians did not take the name of Heracles from the Hellenes�察�but rather
the Hellenes from the Egyptians��that is to say those of the Hellenes who
gave the name Heracles to the son of Amphitryon��of that�察�I say�察�besides
many other evidences there is chiefly this�察�namely that the parents of this
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Heracles�察�Amphitryon and Alcmene�察�were both of Egypt by descent�察�and
also that the Egyptians say that they do not know the names either of
Poseidon or of the Dioscuroi�察 �nor have these been accepted by them as
gods among the other gods�察 �whereas if they had received from the
Hellenes the name of any divinity�察�they would naturally have preserved the
memory of these most of all�察�assuming that in those times as now some of
the Hellenes were wont to make voyages and were seafaring folk�察 �as I
suppose and as my judgment compels me to think�察�so that the Egyptians
would have learnt the names of these gods even more than that of Heracles。
In fact however Heracles is a very ancient Egyptian god�察�and ��as they say
themselves�� it is seventeen thousand years to the beginning of the reign of
Amasis from the time when the twelve gods�察 �of whom they count that
Heracles is one�察�were begotten of the eight gods。 I moreover�察�desiring to
know something certain of these matters so far as might be�察 �made a
voyage also to Tyre of Phenicia�察�hearing that in that place there was a holy
temple of Heracles�察 �and I saw that it was richly furnished with many
votive offerings besides�察�and especially there were in it two pillars�察�the one
of pure gold and the other of an emerald stone of such size as to shine by
night�此�and having come to speech with the priests of the god�察�I asked them
how long a time it was since their temple had been set up�此�and these also I
found to be at variance with the Hellenes�察�for they said that at the same
time when Tyre was founded�察�the temple of the god also had been set up�察�
and that it was a period of two thousand three hundred years since their
people began to dwell at Tyre。 I saw also at Tyre another temple of
Heracles�察�with the surname Thasian�察�and I came to Thasos also and there I
found a temple of Heracles set up by the Phenicians�察�who had sailed out to
seek for Europa and had colonised Thasos�察�and these things happened full
five generations of men before Heracles the son of Amphitryon was born
in Hellas。 So then my inquiries show clearly that Heracles is an ancient
god�察�and those of the Hellenes seem to me to act most rightly who have
two temples of Heracles set up�察 �and who sacrifice to the one as an
immortal god and with the title Olympian�察�and make offerings of the dead
to the other as a hero。 Moreover�察 �besides many other stories which the
Hellenes tell without due consideration�察 �this tale is especially foolish
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which they tell about Heracles�察�namely that when he came to Egypt�察�the
Egyptians put on him wreaths and led him forth in procession to sacrifice
him to Zeus�察 �and he for some time kept quiet�察 �but when they were
beginning the sacrifice of him at the altar�察�he betook himself to prowess
and slew them all。 I for my part am of opinion that the Hellenes when they
tell this tale are altogether without knowledge of the nature and customs of
the Egyptians�察�for how should they for whom it is not lawful to sacrifice
even beasts�察�except swine and the males of oxen and calves ��such of them
as are clean�� and geese�察�how should these sacrifice human beings�拭�Besides
this�察�how is it in nature possible that Heracles�察�being one person only and
moreover a man ��as they assert���察�should slay many myriads�拭�Having said
so much of these matters�察�we pray that we may have grace from both the
gods and the heroes for our speech。
Now the reason why those of the Egyptians whom I have mentioned
do not sacrifice goats�察�female or male�察�is this��the Mendesians count Pan
to be one of the eight gods ��now these eight gods they say came into being
before the twelve gods���察�and the painters and image´makers represent in
painting and in sculpture the figure of Pan�察�just as the Hellenes do�察�with
goat's face and legs�察 �not supposing him to be really like this but to
resemble the other gods�察�the cause however why they represent him in this
form I prefer not to say。 The Mendesians then reverence all goats and the
males more than the females ��and the goatherds too have greater honour
than other herdsmen���察 �but of the goats one especially is reverenced�察 �and
when he dies there is great mourning in all the Mendesian district�此 �and
both the goat and Pan are called in the Egyptian tongue /Mendes/。
Moreover in my lifetime there happened in that district this marvel�察�that is
to say a he´goat had intercourse with a woman publicly�察�and this was so
done that all men might have evidence of it。
The pig is accounted by the Egyptians an abominable animal�察�and first�察�
if any of them in passing by touch a pig�察�he goes into the river and dips
himself forthwith in the water together with his garments�察 �and then too
swineherds�察�though they may be native Egyptians�察�unlike all others�察�do not
enter any of the temples in Egypt�察 �nor is anyone willing to give his
daughter in marriage to one of them or to take a wife from among them�察�
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but the swineherds both give in marriage to one another and take from one
another。 Now to the other gods the Egyptians do not think it right to
sacrifice swine�察�but to the Moon and to Dionysos alone at the same time
and on the same full´moon they sacrifice swine�察�and then eat their flesh�此�
and as to the reason why�察 �when they abominate swine at all their other
feasts�察�they sacrifice them at this�察�there is a story told by the Egyptians�察�
and this story I know�察�but it is not a seemly one for me to tell。 Now the
sacrifice of the swine to the Moon is performed as follows��when the
priest has slain the victim�察 �he puts together the end of the tail and the
spleen and the caul�察�and covers them up with the whole of the fat of the
animal which is about the paunch�察�and then he offers them with fire�察�and
the rest of the flesh they eat on that day of full moon upon which they
have held sacrifice�察�but on any day after this they will not taste of it�此�the
poor however among them by reason of the scantiness of their means
shape pigs of dough and having baked them they offer these as a sacrifice。
Then for Dionysos on the eve of the festival each one kills a pig by cutting
its throat before his own doors�察 �and after that he gives the pig to the
swineherd who sold it to him�察�to carry away again�察�and the rest of the feast
of Dionysos is celebrated by the Egyptians in the same way as by the
Hellenes in almost all things except choral dances�察 �but instead of the
/phallos/ they have invented another contrivance�察�namely figures of about
a cubit in height worked by strings�察�which women carry about the villages�察�
with the privy member made to move and not much less in size than the
rest of the body�此�
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