嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the ancien regime(硬汚妖)-及15何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



better than boorishness�察�and the many men and women may have become 

the   gentler   and   purer   by   looking   even   at   them�察  �and   have   said   sadly   to 

themselves�此       �Such might have been the peasantry of half Europe�察�had it 

not   been   for   devastations   of   the   Palatinate�察  �wars   of   succession�察  �and   the 

wicked wills of emperors and kings。; 



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     LECTURE IIITHE EXPLOSIVE 

                                 FORCES 



     In a former lecture in this Institution�察�I said that the human race owed 

more to the eighteenth century than to any century since the Christian era。 

It may seem a bold assertion to those who value duly the century which 

followed the revival of Greek literature�察�and consider that the eighteenth 

century   was    but   the  child�察 �or  rather  grandchild�察   �thereof。   But    I  must 

persist   in   my   opinion�察  �even   though   it   seem   to   be   inconsistent   with   my 

description of the very same era as one of decay and death。               For side by 

side with the death�察�there was manifold fresh birth�察�side by side with the 

decay there was active growth��side by side with them�察�fostered by them�察�

though     generally   in  strong   opposition    to  them�察  �whether    conscious    or 

unconscious。      We must beware�察�however�察�of trying to find between that 

decay   and   that   growth   a   bond   of   cause   and   effect   where   there   is   really 

none。    The general decay may have determined the course of many men's 

thoughts�察�but it no more set them thinking than ��as I have heard said�� the 

decay of the Ancien Regime produced the new Regimea loose metaphor�察�

which�察�like all metaphors�察�will not hold water�察�and must not be taken for a 

philosophic   truth。     That   would   be   to   confess   manwhat   I   shall   never 

confess him to bethe creature of circumstances�察�it would be to fall into 

the same fallacy of spontaneous generation as did the ancients�察�when they 

believed that bees were bred from the carcass of a dead ox。                In the first 

place�察�the bees were no bees�察�but fliesunless when some true swarm of 

honey   bees   may   have   taken   up   their   abode   within   the   empty   ribs�察  �as 

Samson's bees did in that of the lion。         But bees or flies�察�each sprang from 

an egg�察�independent of the carcass�察�having a vitality of its own�此               �it was 

fostered by the carcass it fed on during development�察�but bred from it it 

was   not�察  �any   more   than   Marat   was   bred   from   the   decay   of   the   Ancien 

Regime。       There     are  flies  which�察   �by   feeding    on   putridity�察  �become 

poisonous themselves�察�as did Marat�此�but even they owe their vitality and 



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organisation to something higher than that on which they feed�察�and each of 

them�察�however�察�defaced and debased�察�was at first a ;thought of God。;                     All 

true manhood consists in the defiance of circumstances�察�and if any man be 

the   creature   of   circumstances�察  �it   is   because   he   has   become   so�察  �like   the 

drunkard�察�because he has ceased to be a man�察�and sunk downward toward 

the brute。 

     Accordingly  we  shall   find�察 �throughout   the  18th   century�察  �a  stirring   of 

thought�察    �an    originality�察  �a   resistance    to   circumstances�察     �an   indignant 

defiance      of  circumstances�察      �which    would     have    been    impossible�察    �had 

circumstances   been        the   true   lords   and   shapers   of   mankind。    Had   that 

latter been the case�察�the downward progress of the Ancien Regime would 

have been irremediable。          Each generation�察�conformed more and more to 

the element in which it lived�察�would have sunk deeper in dull acquiescence 

to evil�察�in ignorance of all cravings save those of the senses�察�and if at any 

time intolerable wrong or want had driven it to revolt�察�it would have issued�察�

not in the proclamation of new and vast ideas�察�but in an anarchic struggle 

for revenge and bread。 

     There are races�察�alas� �which seem�察�for the present at least�察�mastered by 

circumstances。        Some�察  �like   the   Chinese�察  �have   sunk   back   into   that   state�察�

some�察�like the negro in Africa�察�seem not yet to have emerged from it�察�but 

in   Europe�察  �during   the   eighteenth   century�察  �were   working   not   merely   new 

forces and vitalities ��abstractions which mislead rather than explain���察�but 

living persons in plenty�察�men and women�察�with independent and original 

hearts and brains�察�instinct�察�in spite of all circumstances�察�with power which 

we shall most wisely ascribe directly to Him who is the Lord and Giver of 

Life。 

     Such persons seemedI only say seemedmost numerous in England 

and in Germany。         But there were enough of them in France to change the 

destiny of that great nation for awhileperhaps for ever。 

     M。   de   Tocqueville   has   a   whole   chapter�察  �and   a   very   remarkable   one�察�

which     appears     at  first  sight   to  militate   against    my    beliefa   chapter 

;showing   that   France   was   the   country   in   which   men   had   become   most 

alike。; 

     ;The   men�察─  �he   says�察   �of   that   time�察  �especially   those   belonging   to   the 



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                                   THE ANCIEN REGIME 



upper   and   middle   ranks   of   society�察  �who   alone   were   at   all   conspicuous�察�

were all exactly alike。; 

     And it must be allowed�察�that if this were true of the upper and middle 

classes�察   �it  must   have    been   still  more   true   of  the  mass    of  the   lowest 

population�察�who�察�being most animal�察�are always most moulded or rather 

crushedby their own circumstances�察�by public opinion�察�and by the wants 

of five senses�察�common to all alike。 

     But    when     M。   de   Tocqueville      attributes   this   curious    fact   to  the 

circumstances   of   their   political   stateto   that   ;government   of   one   man 

which in the end has the inevitable effect of rendering all men alike�察�and 

all mutually indifferent to their common fate;we must differ�察�even from 

him�此    �for facts prove the impotence of that�察�or of any other circumstance�察�

in altering the hearts and souls of men�察�in producing in them anything but 

a mere superficial and temporary resemblance。 

     For all the while there was�察�among these very French�察�here and there a 

variety   of   character   and   purpose�察  �sufficient   to   burst   through   that   very 

despotism�察�and to develop the nation into manifold�察�new�察�and quite original 

shapes。      Thus   it   was   proved   that   the   uniformity   had   been   only   in   their 

outside crust and shell。        What tore the nation to pieces during the Reign 

of Terror�察�but the boundless variety and originality of the characters which 

found     themselves      suddenly     in  free   rivalry�拭   �What      else  gave    to  the 

undisciplined levies�察�the bankrupt governments�察�the parvenu heroes of the 

Republic�察�a manifold force�察�a self´dependent audacity�察�which made them 

the conquerors�察�and the teachers ��for good and evil�� of the civilised world�拭�

If   there    was    one    doctrine    which     the   French     Revolution      specially 

proclaimedwhich it caricatured till it brought it into temporary disrepute´ 

´it   was   this�此 �that   no   man   is   like   another�察  �that   in   each   is   a   God´given 

;individuality�察─�an independent soul�察�which no government or man has a 

right to crush�察�or can crush in the long run�此           �but which ought to have�察�and 

must have�察�a ;carriere ouverte aux talents�察─�freely to do the best for itself 

in the battle of life。      The French Revolution�察�more than any event since 

twelve   poor   men   set   forth   to   convert   the   world   some   eighteen   hundred 

years ago�察�proves that man ought not to be�察�and need not be�察�the creature 

of circumstances�察�the puppet of institutions�察�but�察�if he will�察�their conqueror 



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                                   THE ANCIEN REGIME 



and their lord。 

     Of these original spirits who helped to bring life out of death�察�and the 

modern       world    out  of   the  decay    of   the  mediaeval      world�察   �the  French 

PHILOSOPHES   and   encyclopaedists   are�察  �of   course�察  �the   most   notorious。 

They confessed�察�for the most part�察�that their original inspiration had come 

from   England。        They   were�察  �or   considered   themselves�察  �the   disciples   of 

Locke�察�whose philosophy�察�it seems to me�察�their own acts disproved。 

     And     first�察 �a   few  words   on   these   same    philosophes。      One   may   be 

thoroughly   aware   of   their   deficiencies�察  �of   their   sins�察  �moral   as   well   as 

intellectual�察  �and   yet   one   may   demand   that   everyone   should   judge   them 

fairlywhich can only be done by putting himself in their place�察�and any 

fair judgment of them will�察�I think�察�lead to the conclusion that they were 

not mere destroyers�察�inflamed with hate of everything which mankind had 

as   yet   held   sacred。    Whatever   sacred   things   they   despised�察  �one   sacred 

thing they reverenced�察�which men had forgotten more and more since the 

seventeenth centurycommon justice and common humanity。                        It was this�察�

I   believe�察  �which   gave   them   their   moral   force。    It   was   this   which   drew 

towards them the hearts�察�not merely of educated bourgeois and nobles ��on 

the menu peuple they had no influence�察�and did not care to have any���察�but 

of every co
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��