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theologico-political treatise p1(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢1)-及12何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



ordinance of God in so  far as it directs   human life through external   and 

unexpected means。 ��20�� With these preliminaries I return to my purpose of 

discovering the reason why the Hebrews were said to be elected by God 

before other nations�察�and with the demonstration I thus proceed。 

     ��21�� All objects of legitimate desire fall�察�generally speaking�察�under one 

of these three categories�此�

           1。 The knowledge of things through their primary causes。                       2。 

The     government      of  the   passions�察  �or   the  acquirement      of  the   habit  of 

virtue。         3。 Secure and healthy life。 

     ��22�� The means which most directly conduce towards the first two of 

these   ends�察  �and   which   may   be   considered   their   proximate   and   efficient 

causes are contained in human nature itself�察�so that their acquisition hinges 

only on our own power�察�and on the laws of human nature。 ��23�� It may be 

concluded that these gifts are not peculiar to any nation�察�but have always 

been shared by the whole human race�察�unless�察�indeed�察�we would indulge 

the dream that nature formerly created men of different kinds。 ��24�� But the 

means      which    conduce     to  security    and   health   are   chiefly   in  external 

circumstance�察  �and   are   called   the   gifts   of   fortune   because   they   depend 

chiefly on objective causes of which we are ignorant�察�for a fool may be 

almost     as   liable   to  happiness     or  unhappiness      as   a  wise    man。    ��25�� 

Nevertheless�察     �human     management       and    watchfulness     can   greatly   assist 

towards living in security and warding off the injuries of our fellow´men�察�

and   even   of   beasts。   ��26��   Reason   and   experience   show   no   more   certain 



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means of attaining this object than the formation of a society with fixed 

laws�察  �the   occupation   of   a   strip   of   territory   and   the   concentration   of   all 

forces�察  �as   it   were�察  �into   one   body�察  �that   is   the   social   body。   ��27��   Now   for 

forming and preserving a society�察�no ordinary ability and care is required�此�

that society will be most secure�察�most stable�察�and least liable to reverses�察�

which is founded and directed by far´seeing and careful men�察�while�察�on the 

other hand�察�a society constituted by men without trained skill�察�depends in a 

great measure on fortune�察�and is less constant。 ��28�� If�察�in spite of all�察�such 

a society lasts a long time�察�it is owing to some other directing influence 

than   its   own�察  �if   it   overcomes   great   perils   and   its   affairs   prosper�察  �it   will 

perforce marvel at and adore the guiding Spirit of God ��in so far�察�that is�察�as 

God works through hidden means�察�and not through the nature and mind of 

man���察     �for   everything      happens      to   it  unexpectedly       and    contrary     to 

anticipation�察     �it  may   even    be  said   and    thought    to  be   by  miracle。    ��29�� 

Nations�察�then�察�are distinguished from one another in respect to the social 

organization   and   the   laws   under   which   they   live   and   are   governed�察  �the 

Hebrew   nation   was   not   chosen   by   God   in   respect   to   its   wisdom   nor   its 

tranquillity of mind�察�but in respect to its social organization and the good 

fortune with which it obtained supremacy and kept it so many years。 ��30�� 

This is abundantly clear from Scripture。 Even a cursory perusal will show 

us that the only respects in which the Hebrews surpassed other nations�察�are 

in their successful conduct of matters relating to government�察�and in their 

surmounting great perils solely by God's external aid�察�in other ways they 

were on a par with their fellows�察�and God was equally gracious to all。 ��31�� 

For in respect to intellect ��as we have shown in the last chapter�� they held 

very ordinary ideas about God and nature�察�so that they cannot have been 

God's chosen in this respect�察�nor were they so chosen in respect of virtue 

and the true life�察�for here again they�察�with the exception of a very few elect�察�

were on an equality with other nations�此�therefore their choice and vocation 

consisted only  in   the temporal   happiness   and advantages of   independent 

rule。 ��32�� In fact�察�we do not see that God promised anything beyond this to 

the patriarchs ��Endnote 4�А�or their successors�察�in the law no other reward 

is   offered   for   obedience   than   the   continual   happiness   of   an   independent 

commonwealth   and   other   goods   of   this   life�察  �while�察  �on   the   other   hand�察�



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against   contumacy   and   the   breaking   of   the   covenant   is   threatened   the 

downfall of the commonwealth and great hardships。 ��33�� Nor is this to be 

wondered at�察�for the ends of every social organization and commonwealth 

are ��as appears from what we have said�察�and as we will explain more at 

length hereafter�� security and comfort�察�a commonwealth can only exist by 

the laws being binding on all。 ��34�� If all the members of a state wish to 

disregard the law�察�by that very fact they dissolve the state and destroy the 

commonwealth。  ��35�� Thus�察 �the   only  reward   which   could be promised   to 

the Hebrews for continued obedience to the law was security ��Endnote 5�А�

and     its  attendant     advantages�察    �while    no    surer   punishment       could    be 

threatened for disobedience�察�than the ruin of the state and the evils which 

generally   follow   therefrom�察  �in   addition   to   such   further   consequences   as 

might accrue to the Jews in particular from the ruin of their especial state。 

��36�� But there is no need here to go into this point at more length。 ��37�� I 

will    only   add   that  the   laws   of  the   Old   Testament     were    revealed    and 

ordained to the Jews only�察�for as God chose them in respect to the special 

constitution of   their   society  and   government�察 �they  must�察 �of   course�察 �have 

had    special    laws。   ��38��   Whether     God    ordained     special    laws   for  other 

nations also�察�and revealed Himself to their lawgivers prophetically�察�that is�察�

under the attributes by which the latter were accustomed to imagine Him�察�I 

cannot sufficiently determine。 ��39�� It is evident from Scripture itself that 

other nations acquired supremacy and particular laws by the external aid 

of God�察�witness only the two following passages�此�

     ��40�� In Genesis xiv��18�察�19�察�20�察�it is related that Melchisedek was king 

of   Jerusalem   and   priest   of   the   Most   High   God�察  �that   in   exercise   of   his 

priestly functions he blessed Abraham�察�and that Abraham the beloved of 

the   Lord   gave   to   this   priest   of   God   a   tithe   of   all   his   spoils。   ��41��   This 

sufficiently     shows     that  before    He   founded     the   Israelitish   nation    God 

constituted kings and priests in Jerusalem�察�and ordained for them rites and 

laws。    ��42��    Whether     He    did  so   prophetically     is�察 �as   I  have   said�察  �not 

sufficiently clear�察�but I am sure of this�察�that Abraham�察�whilst he sojourned 

in the city�察�lived scrupulously according to these laws�察�for Abraham had 

received no special rites from God�察�and yet it is stated ��Gen。 xxvi��5���察�that 

he observed the worship�察�the precepts�察�the statutes�察�and the laws of God�察�



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which must be interpreted to mean the worship�察�the statutes�察�the precepts�察�

and the laws of king Melchisedek。 ��43�� Malachi chides the Jews as follows 

��i��10´11。���此   �Who   is   there   among   you   that   will   shut   the   doors�拭  。�of   the 

Temple�В察�neither do ye kindle fire on mine altar for nought。 ��44�� I have no 

pleasure in you�察�saith the Lord of Hosts。 ��45�� For from the rising of the sun�察�

even until the going down of the same My Name shall be great among the 

Gentiles�察�and in every place incense shall be offered in My Name�察�and a 

pure offering�察�for My Name is great among the heathen�察�saith the Lord of 

Hosts。;   ��46��   These   words�察  �which�察  �unless   we   do   violence   to   them�察  �could 

only   refer   to   the   current   period�察  �abundantly   testify   that   the   Jews   of   that 

time   were   not   more   beloved   by   God   than   other   nations�察  �that   God   then 

favoured other nations with more miracles than He vouchsafed to the Jews�察�

who had then partly recovered their empire without miraculous aid�察�and�察�

lastly�察�that the Gentiles possessed rites and ceremonies acceptable to God。 

��47�� But I pass over these points lightly�此�it is enough for my purpose to 

have     shown     that  the   election    of  the   Jews   had    regard    to  nothing    but 

temporal   physical   happiness   and   freedom�察  �in   other   words�察  �autonomous 

government�察  �and   to   the   manner   and   means   by   which   they   obtained   it�察�

consequently        to  the   laws    in   so   far  as   they   were     necessary     to   the 

preservation   of      that  special   government�察      �and�察  �lastly�察 �to  the   manner     in 

which they were revealed。 In regard to other matters�察�wherein man's true 

happiness consists�察�they were on a par with the rest of the nations。 

     ��48�� When�察�therefore�察�it is said in Scripture ��Deut。 iv��7�� that the Lord is 

not so nigh to any other nation as He is to the Jews�察�reference is only made 

to their government�察�and to the period when so many miracles happened to 

them�察    �for   in  respect    of   intellect   and   virtue    ´  that  is�察 �in   respect    of 

blessedness       ´   God     was�察   �as   we    have    said    already�察   �and 
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��