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theologico-political treatise p1(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢1)-及12何蛍
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ordinance of God in so far as it directs human life through external and
unexpected means。 ��20�� With these preliminaries I return to my purpose of
discovering the reason why the Hebrews were said to be elected by God
before other nations�察�and with the demonstration I thus proceed。
��21�� All objects of legitimate desire fall�察�generally speaking�察�under one
of these three categories�此�
1。 The knowledge of things through their primary causes。 2。
The government of the passions�察 �or the acquirement of the habit of
virtue。 3。 Secure and healthy life。
��22�� The means which most directly conduce towards the first two of
these ends�察 �and which may be considered their proximate and efficient
causes are contained in human nature itself�察�so that their acquisition hinges
only on our own power�察�and on the laws of human nature。 ��23�� It may be
concluded that these gifts are not peculiar to any nation�察�but have always
been shared by the whole human race�察�unless�察�indeed�察�we would indulge
the dream that nature formerly created men of different kinds。 ��24�� But the
means which conduce to security and health are chiefly in external
circumstance�察 �and are called the gifts of fortune because they depend
chiefly on objective causes of which we are ignorant�察�for a fool may be
almost as liable to happiness or unhappiness as a wise man。 ��25��
Nevertheless�察 �human management and watchfulness can greatly assist
towards living in security and warding off the injuries of our fellow´men�察�
and even of beasts。 ��26�� Reason and experience show no more certain
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means of attaining this object than the formation of a society with fixed
laws�察 �the occupation of a strip of territory and the concentration of all
forces�察 �as it were�察 �into one body�察 �that is the social body。 ��27�� Now for
forming and preserving a society�察�no ordinary ability and care is required�此�
that society will be most secure�察�most stable�察�and least liable to reverses�察�
which is founded and directed by far´seeing and careful men�察�while�察�on the
other hand�察�a society constituted by men without trained skill�察�depends in a
great measure on fortune�察�and is less constant。 ��28�� If�察�in spite of all�察�such
a society lasts a long time�察�it is owing to some other directing influence
than its own�察 �if it overcomes great perils and its affairs prosper�察 �it will
perforce marvel at and adore the guiding Spirit of God ��in so far�察�that is�察�as
God works through hidden means�察�and not through the nature and mind of
man���察 �for everything happens to it unexpectedly and contrary to
anticipation�察 �it may even be said and thought to be by miracle。 ��29��
Nations�察�then�察�are distinguished from one another in respect to the social
organization and the laws under which they live and are governed�察 �the
Hebrew nation was not chosen by God in respect to its wisdom nor its
tranquillity of mind�察�but in respect to its social organization and the good
fortune with which it obtained supremacy and kept it so many years。 ��30��
This is abundantly clear from Scripture。 Even a cursory perusal will show
us that the only respects in which the Hebrews surpassed other nations�察�are
in their successful conduct of matters relating to government�察�and in their
surmounting great perils solely by God's external aid�察�in other ways they
were on a par with their fellows�察�and God was equally gracious to all。 ��31��
For in respect to intellect ��as we have shown in the last chapter�� they held
very ordinary ideas about God and nature�察�so that they cannot have been
God's chosen in this respect�察�nor were they so chosen in respect of virtue
and the true life�察�for here again they�察�with the exception of a very few elect�察�
were on an equality with other nations�此�therefore their choice and vocation
consisted only in the temporal happiness and advantages of independent
rule。 ��32�� In fact�察�we do not see that God promised anything beyond this to
the patriarchs ��Endnote 4�А�or their successors�察�in the law no other reward
is offered for obedience than the continual happiness of an independent
commonwealth and other goods of this life�察 �while�察 �on the other hand�察�
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against contumacy and the breaking of the covenant is threatened the
downfall of the commonwealth and great hardships。 ��33�� Nor is this to be
wondered at�察�for the ends of every social organization and commonwealth
are ��as appears from what we have said�察�and as we will explain more at
length hereafter�� security and comfort�察�a commonwealth can only exist by
the laws being binding on all。 ��34�� If all the members of a state wish to
disregard the law�察�by that very fact they dissolve the state and destroy the
commonwealth。 ��35�� Thus�察 �the only reward which could be promised to
the Hebrews for continued obedience to the law was security ��Endnote 5�А�
and its attendant advantages�察 �while no surer punishment could be
threatened for disobedience�察�than the ruin of the state and the evils which
generally follow therefrom�察 �in addition to such further consequences as
might accrue to the Jews in particular from the ruin of their especial state。
��36�� But there is no need here to go into this point at more length。 ��37�� I
will only add that the laws of the Old Testament were revealed and
ordained to the Jews only�察�for as God chose them in respect to the special
constitution of their society and government�察 �they must�察 �of course�察 �have
had special laws。 ��38�� Whether God ordained special laws for other
nations also�察�and revealed Himself to their lawgivers prophetically�察�that is�察�
under the attributes by which the latter were accustomed to imagine Him�察�I
cannot sufficiently determine。 ��39�� It is evident from Scripture itself that
other nations acquired supremacy and particular laws by the external aid
of God�察�witness only the two following passages�此�
��40�� In Genesis xiv��18�察�19�察�20�察�it is related that Melchisedek was king
of Jerusalem and priest of the Most High God�察 �that in exercise of his
priestly functions he blessed Abraham�察�and that Abraham the beloved of
the Lord gave to this priest of God a tithe of all his spoils。 ��41�� This
sufficiently shows that before He founded the Israelitish nation God
constituted kings and priests in Jerusalem�察�and ordained for them rites and
laws。 ��42�� Whether He did so prophetically is�察 �as I have said�察 �not
sufficiently clear�察�but I am sure of this�察�that Abraham�察�whilst he sojourned
in the city�察�lived scrupulously according to these laws�察�for Abraham had
received no special rites from God�察�and yet it is stated ��Gen。 xxvi��5���察�that
he observed the worship�察�the precepts�察�the statutes�察�and the laws of God�察�
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which must be interpreted to mean the worship�察�the statutes�察�the precepts�察�
and the laws of king Melchisedek。 ��43�� Malachi chides the Jews as follows
��i��10´11。���此 �Who is there among you that will shut the doors�拭 。�of the
Temple�В察�neither do ye kindle fire on mine altar for nought。 ��44�� I have no
pleasure in you�察�saith the Lord of Hosts。 ��45�� For from the rising of the sun�察�
even until the going down of the same My Name shall be great among the
Gentiles�察�and in every place incense shall be offered in My Name�察�and a
pure offering�察�for My Name is great among the heathen�察�saith the Lord of
Hosts。; ��46�� These words�察 �which�察 �unless we do violence to them�察 �could
only refer to the current period�察 �abundantly testify that the Jews of that
time were not more beloved by God than other nations�察 �that God then
favoured other nations with more miracles than He vouchsafed to the Jews�察�
who had then partly recovered their empire without miraculous aid�察�and�察�
lastly�察�that the Gentiles possessed rites and ceremonies acceptable to God。
��47�� But I pass over these points lightly�此�it is enough for my purpose to
have shown that the election of the Jews had regard to nothing but
temporal physical happiness and freedom�察 �in other words�察 �autonomous
government�察 �and to the manner and means by which they obtained it�察�
consequently to the laws in so far as they were necessary to the
preservation of that special government�察 �and�察 �lastly�察 �to the manner in
which they were revealed。 In regard to other matters�察�wherein man's true
happiness consists�察�they were on a par with the rest of the nations。
��48�� When�察�therefore�察�it is said in Scripture ��Deut。 iv��7�� that the Lord is
not so nigh to any other nation as He is to the Jews�察�reference is only made
to their government�察�and to the period when so many miracles happened to
them�察 �for in respect of intellect and virtue ´ that is�察 �in respect of
blessedness ´ God was�察 �as we have said already�察 �and
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