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theologico-political treatise p1(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢1)-及15何蛍
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renegades were admitted to all the native privileges of Spaniards�察 �and
deemed worthy of filling all honourable offices�察�it came to pass that they
straightway became so intermingled with the Spaniards as to leave of
themselves no relic or remembrance。 ��103�� But exactly the opposite
happened to those whom the king of Portugal compelled to become
Christians�察 �for they always�察 �though converted�察 �lived apart�察 �inasmuch as
they were considered unworthy of any civic honours。
��104�� The sign of circumcision is�察�as I think�察�so important�察�that I could
persuade myself that it alone would preserve the nation for ever。 ��105��
Nay�察�I would go so far as to believe that if the foundations of their religion
have not emasculated their minds they may even�察 �if occasion offers�察 �so
changeable are human affairs�察�raise up their empire afresh�察�and that God
may a second time elect them。
��106�� Of such a possibility we have a very famous example in the
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Chinese。 ��107�� They�察�too�察�have some distinctive mark on their heads which
they most scrupulously observe�察�and by which they keep themselves apart
from everyone else�察 �and have thus kept themselves during so many
thousand years that they far surpass all other nations in antiquity。 ��108��
They have not always retained empire�察 �but they have recovered it when
lost�察�and doubtless will do so again after the spirit of the Tartars becomes
relaxed through the luxury of riches and pride。
��109�� Lastly�察�if any one wishes to maintain that the Jews�察�from this or
from any other cause�察 �have been chosen by God for ever�察 �I will not
gainsay him if he will admit that this choice�察�whether temporary or eternal�察�
has no regard�察�in so far as it is peculiar to the Jews�察�to aught but dominion
and physical advantages ��for by such alone can one nation be
distinguished from another���察�whereas in regard to intellect and true virtue�察�
every nation is on a par with the rest�察�and God has not in these respects
chosen one people rather than another。
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CHAPTER IV。 ´ OF THE DIVINE
LAW。
��1�� The word law�察 �taken in the abstract�察 �means that by which an
individual�察�or all things�察�or as many things as belong to a particular species�察�
act in one and the same fixed and definite manner�察�which manner depends
either on natural necessity or on human decree。 ��2�� A law which depends
on natural necessity is one which necessarily follows from the nature�察�or
from the definition of the thing in question�察 �a law which depends on
human decree�察 �and which is more correctly called an ordinance�察 �is one
which men have laid down for themselves and others in order to live more
safely or conveniently�察�or from some similar reason。
��3�� For example�察 �the law that all bodies impinging on lesser bodies�察�
lose as much of their own motion as they communicate to the latter is a
universal law of all bodies�察�and depends on natural necessity。 ��4�� So�察�too�察�
the law that a man in remembering one thing�察 �straightway remembers
another either like it�察�or which he had perceived simultaneously with it�察�is
a law which necessarily follows from the nature of man。 ��5�� But the law
that men must yield�察�or be compelled to yield�察�somewhat of their natural
right�察�and that they bind themselves to live in a certain way�察�depends on
human decree。 ��6�� Now�察 �though I freely admit that all things are
predetermined by universal natural laws to exist and operate in a given�察�
fixed�察�and definite manner�察�I still assert that the laws I have just mentioned
depend on human decree。
��1。�� ��7�� Because man�察�in so far as he is a part of nature�察�constitutes a
part of the power of nature。 ��8�� Whatever�察 �therefore�察 �follows necessarily
from the necessity of human nature ��that is�察�from nature herself�察�in so far
as we conceive of her as acting through man�� follows�察�even though it be
necessarily�察�from human power。 ��9�� Hence the sanction of such laws may
very well be said to depend on man's decree�察�for it principally depends on
the power of the human mind�察 �so that the human mind in respect to its
perception of things as true and false�察�can readily be conceived as without
such laws�察�but not without necessary law as we have just defined it。
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��2。�� ��10�� I have stated that these laws depend on human decree because
it is well to define and explain things by their proximate causes。 ��11�� The
general consideration of fate and the concatenation of causes would aid us
very little in forming and arranging our ideas concerning particular
questions。 ��12�� Let us add that as to the actual coordination and
concatenation of things�察 �that is how things are ordained and linked
together�察 �we are obviously ignorant�察 �therefore�察 �it is more profitable for
right living�察�nay�察�it is necessary for us to consider things as contingent。 ��13��
So much about law in the abstract。
��14�� Now the word law seems to be only applied to natural phenomena
by analogy�察�and is commonly taken to signify a command which men can
either obey or neglect�察 �inasmuch as it restrains human nature within
certain originally exceeded limits�察�and therefore lays down no rule beyond
human strength。 ��15�� Thus it is expedient to define law more particularly
as a plan of life laid down by man for himself or others with a certain
object。
��16�� However�察�as the true object of legislation is only perceived by a
few�察�and most men are almost incapable of grasping it�察�though they live
under its conditions�察�legislators�察�with a view to exacting general obedience�察�
have wisely put forward another object�察 �very different from that which
necessarily follows from the nature of law�此�they promise to the observers
of the law that which the masses chiefly desire�察�and threaten its violators
with that which they chiefly fear�此�thus endeavouring to restrain the masses�察�
as far as may be�察�like a horse with a curb�察�whence it follows that the word
law is chiefly applied to the modes of life enjoined on men by the sway of
others�察�hence those who obey the law are said to live under it and to be
under compulsion。 ��17�� In truth�察 �a man who renders everyone their due
because he fears the gallows�察 �acts under the sway and compulsion of
others�察�and cannot be called just。 ��18�� But a man who does the same from
a knowledge of the true reason for laws and their necessity�察 �acts from a
firm purpose and of his own accord�察�and is therefore properly called just。
��19�� This�察�I take it�察�is Paul's meaning when he says�察�that those who live
under the law cannot be justified through the law�察�for justice�察�as commonly
defined�察�is the constant and perpetual will to render every man his due。 ��20��
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Thus Solomon says ��Prov。 xxi��15���察 �It is a joy to the just to do judgment�察─�
but the wicked fear。
��21�� Law�察 �then�察�being a plan of living which men have for a certain
object laid down for themselves or others�察 �may�察 �as it seems�察 �be divided
into human law and Divine law。 ��But both are opposite sides of the same
coin��
��22�� By human law I mean a plan of living which serves only to render
life and the state secure。 ��23�� By Divine law I mean that which only
regards the highest good�察�in other words�察�the true knowledge of God and
love。
��24�� I call this law Divine because of the nature of the highest good�察�
which I will here shortly explain as clearly as I can。
��25�� Inasmuch as the intellect is the best part of our being�察�it is evident
that we should make every effort to perfect it as far as possible if we desire
to search for what is really profitable to us。 ��26�� For in intellectual
perfection the highest good should consist。 ��27�� Now�察 �since all our
knowledge�察�and the certainty which removes every doubt�察�depend solely
on the knowledge of God�察� firstly�察�because without God nothing can exist
or be conceived�察 �secondly�察 �because so long as we have no clear and
distinct idea of God we may remain in universal doubt ´ it follows that our
highest good and perfection also depend solely on the knowledge of God。
��28�� Further�察 �since without God nothing can exist or be conceived�察 �it is
evident that all natural phenomena involve and express the conception of
God as far as their essence and perfection extend�察�so that we have greater
and more perfect knowledge of God in proportion to our knowledge of
natural phenomena�此�conversely ��since the knowledge of an effect through
its cause is the same thing as the knowledge of a particular property of a
cause�� th
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