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theologico-political treatise p1(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢1)-及16何蛍
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its cause is the same thing as the knowledge of a particular property of a
cause�� the greater our knowledge of natural phenomena�察�the more perfect
is our knowledge of the essence of God ��which is the cause of all things��。
��29�� So�察�then�察�our highest good not only depends on the knowledge of God�察�
but wholly consists therein�察�and it further follows that man is perfect or the
reverse in proportion to the nature and perfection of the object of his
special desire�察�hence the most perfect and the chief sharer in the highest
blessedness is he who prizes above all else�察�and takes especial delight in�察�
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the intellectual knowledge of God�察�the most perfect Being。
��30�� Hither�察�then�察�our highest good and our highest blessedness aim ´
namely�察�to the knowledge and love of God�察�therefore the means demanded
by this aim of all human actions�察�that is�察�by God in so far as the idea of
him is in us�察�may be called the commands of God�察�because they proceed�察�
as it were�察�from God Himself�察�inasmuch as He exists in our minds�察�and the
plan of life which has regard to this aim may be fitly called the law of
God。
��31�� The nature of the means�察 �and the plan of life which this aim
demands�察�how the foundations of the best states follow its lines�察�and how
men's life is conducted�察 �are questions pertaining to general ethics。 ��32��
Here I only proceed to treat of the Divine law in a particular application。
��33�� As the love of God is man's highest happiness and blessedness�察�
and the ultimate end and aim of all human actions�察�it follows that he alone
lives by the Divine law who loves God not from fear of punishment�察�or
from love of any other object�察�such as sensual pleasure�察�fame�察�or the like�察�
but solely because he has knowledge of God�察 �or is convinced that the
knowledge and love of God is the highest good。 ��34�� The sum and chief
precept�察�then�察�of the Divine law is to love God as the highest good�察�namely�察�
as we have said�察�not from fear of any pains and penalties�察�or from the love
of any other object in which we desire to take pleasure。 ��35�� The idea of
God lays down the rule that God is our highest good ´ in other words�察�that
the knowledge and love of God is the ultimate aim to which all our actions
should be directed。 ��36�� The worldling cannot understand these things�察�
they appear foolishness to him。 because he has too meager a knowledge of
God�察�and also because in this highest good he can discover nothing which
he can handle or eat�察 �or which affects the fleshly appetites wherein he
chiefly delights�察�for it consists solely in thought and the pure reason。 ��37��
They�察�on the other hand�察�who know that they possess no greater gift than
intellect and sound reason�察�will doubtless accept what I have said without
question。
��38�� We have now explained that wherein the Divine law chiefly
consists�察 �and what are human laws�察 �namely�察 �all those which have a
different aim unless they have been ratified by revelation�察 �for in this
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respect also things are referred to God ��as we have shown above�� and in
this sense the law of Moses�察 �although it was not universal�察 �but entirely
adapted to the disposition and particular preservation of a single people�察�
may yet be called a law of God or Divine law�察�inasmuch as we believe that
it was ratified by prophetic insight。 ��39�� If we consider the nature of
natural Divine law as we have just explained it�察�we shall see�此�
��40�� I。´ That it is universal or common to all men�察�for we have deduced
it from universal human nature。
��41�� II。 That it does not depend on the truth of any historical narrative
whatsoever�察 �for inasmuch as this natural Divine law is comprehended
solely by the consideration of human nature�察 �it is plain that we can
conceive it as existing as well in Adam as in any other man�察�as well in a
man living among his fellows�察�as in a man who lives by himself。
��42�� The truth of a historical narrative�察�however assured�察�cannot give
us the knowledge nor consequently the love of God�察 �for love of God
springs from knowledge of Him�察�and knowledge of Him should be derived
from general ideas�察�in themselves certain and known�察�so that the truth of a
historical narrative is very far from being a necessary requisite for our
attaining our highest good。
��43�� Still�察�though the truth of histories cannot give us the knowledge
and love of God�察 �I do not deny that reading them is very useful with a
view to life in the world�察 �for the more we have observed and known of
men's customs and circumstances�察�which are best revealed by their actions�察�
the more warily we shall be able to order our lives among them�察�and so far
as reason dictates to adapt our actions to their dispositions。
��44�� III。 We see that this natural Divine law does not demand the
performance of ceremonies ´ that is�察 �actions in themselves indifferent�察�
which are called good from the fact of their institution�察 �or actions
symbolizing something profitable for salvation�察 �or ��if one prefers this
definition�� actions of which the meaning surpasses human understanding。
��45�� The natural light of reason does not demand anything which it is itself
unable to supply�察�but only such as it can very clearly show to be good�察�or a
means to our blessedness。 ��46�� Such things as are good simply because
they have been commanded or instituted�察 �or as being symbols of
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something good�察 �are mere shadows which cannot be reckoned among
actions that are the offsprings as it were�察�or fruit of a sound mind and of
intellect。 ��47�� There is no need for me to go into this now in more detail。
��48�� IV。 Lastly�察�we see that the highest reward of the Divine law is the
law itself�察�namely�察�to know God and to love Him of our free choice�察�and
with an undivided and fruitful spirit�察 �while its penalty is the absence of
these things�察 �and being in bondage to the flesh ´ that is�察 �having an
inconstant and wavering spirit。
��49�� These points being noted�察�I must now inquire�此。�50�� I。 Whether by
the natural light of reason we can conceive of God as a law´
giver or potentate ordaining laws for men�拭。�51�� II。 What is the teaching of
Holy Writ concerning this natural light of reason and natural
law�拭。�52�� III。 With what objects were ceremonies formerly instituted�拭。�53��
IV。 Lastly�察 �what is the good gained by knowing the sacred
histories and believing them�拭�
��54�� Of the first two I will treat in this chapter�察�of the remaining two in
the following one。
��55�� Our conclusion about the first is easily deduced from the nature of
God's will�察�which is only distinguished from His understanding in relation
to our intellect ´ that is�察 �the will and the understanding of God are in
reality one and the same�察 �and are only distinguished in relation to our
thoughts which we form concerning God's understanding。 ��56�� For
instance�察�if we are only looking to the fact that the nature of a triangle is
from eternity contained in the Divine nature as an eternal verity�察�we say
that God possesses the idea of a triangle�察�or that He understands the nature
of a triangle�察 �but if afterwards we look to the fact that the nature of a
triangle is thus contained in the Divine nature�察�solely by the necessity of
the Divine nature�察�and not by the necessity of the nature and essence of a
triangle ´ in fact�察�that the necessity of a triangle's essence and nature�察�in so
far as they are conceived of as eternal verities�察 �depends solely on the
necessity of the Divine nature and intellect�察 �we then style God's will or
decree�察�that which before we styled His intellect。 ��57�� Wherefore we make
one and the same affirmation concerning God when we say that He has
from eternity decreed that three angles of a triangle are equal to two right
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angles�察�as when we say that He has understood it。
��58�� Hence the affirmations and the negations of God always involve
necessity or truth�察�so that�察�for example�察�if God said to Adam that He did
not wish him to eat of the tree of knowledge of good and evil�察�it would
have involved a contradiction that Adam should have been able to eat of it�察�
and would therefore have been impossible that he should have so eaten�察�
for the Divine command would have involved an eternal necessity and
truth。 ��59�� But since Scripture nevertheless narrates that God did give this
command to Adam�察 �and yet that none the less Adam ate of the tree�察 �we
must perforce say that God revealed to Adam t
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