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theologico-political treatise p1(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢1)-及16何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



its cause is the same thing as the knowledge of a particular property of a 

cause�� the greater our knowledge of natural phenomena�察�the more perfect 

is our knowledge of the essence of God ��which is the cause of all things��。 

��29�� So�察�then�察�our highest good not only depends on the knowledge of God�察�

but wholly consists therein�察�and it further follows that man is perfect or the 

reverse   in   proportion   to   the   nature   and   perfection   of   the   object   of   his 

special desire�察�hence the most perfect and the chief sharer in the highest 

blessedness is he who prizes above all else�察�and takes especial delight in�察�



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the intellectual knowledge of God�察�the most perfect Being。 

     ��30�� Hither�察�then�察�our highest good and our highest blessedness aim ´ 

namely�察�to the knowledge and love of God�察�therefore the means demanded 

by this aim of all human actions�察�that is�察�by God in so far as the idea of 

him is in us�察�may be called the commands of God�察�because they proceed�察�

as it were�察�from God Himself�察�inasmuch as He exists in our minds�察�and the 

plan   of   life   which   has   regard   to   this   aim   may   be   fitly  called   the   law   of 

God。 

     ��31��   The   nature   of   the   means�察  �and   the   plan   of   life   which   this   aim 

demands�察�how the foundations of the best states follow its lines�察�and how 

men's   life   is   conducted�察  �are   questions   pertaining   to   general   ethics。   ��32�� 

Here I only proceed to treat of the Divine law in a particular application。 

     ��33�� As the  love of God   is man's highest happiness and blessedness�察�

and the ultimate end and aim of all human actions�察�it follows that he alone 

lives by the Divine law who loves God not from fear of punishment�察�or 

from love of any other object�察�such as sensual pleasure�察�fame�察�or the like�察�

but   solely   because   he   has   knowledge   of   God�察  �or   is   convinced   that   the 

knowledge and love of God is the highest good。 ��34�� The sum and chief 

precept�察�then�察�of the Divine law is to love God as the highest good�察�namely�察�

as we have said�察�not from fear of any pains and penalties�察�or from the love 

of any other object in which we desire to take pleasure。 ��35�� The idea of 

God lays down the rule that God is our highest good ´ in other words�察�that 

the knowledge and love of God is the ultimate aim to which all our actions 

should   be   directed。   ��36��   The   worldling   cannot   understand   these   things�察�

they appear foolishness to him。 because he has too meager a knowledge of 

God�察�and also because in this highest good he can discover nothing which 

he   can   handle   or   eat�察  �or   which   affects   the   fleshly   appetites   wherein   he 

chiefly delights�察�for it consists solely in thought and the pure reason。 ��37�� 

They�察�on the other hand�察�who know that they possess no greater gift than 

intellect and sound reason�察�will doubtless accept what I have said without 

question。 

     ��38��    We   have    now   explained     that  wherein     the  Divine    law   chiefly 

consists�察   �and    what   are   human     laws�察  �namely�察   �all  those    which    have   a 

different   aim   unless     they   have   been   ratified   by   revelation�察  �for   in  this 



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respect also things are referred to God ��as we have shown above�� and in 

this   sense   the   law   of   Moses�察  �although   it   was   not   universal�察  �but   entirely 

adapted to the disposition and particular preservation of a single people�察�

may yet be called a law of God or Divine law�察�inasmuch as we believe that 

it   was   ratified   by   prophetic   insight。   ��39��   If   we   consider   the   nature   of 

natural Divine law as we have just explained it�察�we shall see�此�

     ��40�� I。´ That it is universal or common to all men�察�for we have deduced 

it from universal human nature。 

     ��41�� II。 That it does not depend on the truth of any historical narrative 

whatsoever�察  �for   inasmuch   as   this   natural   Divine   law   is   comprehended 

solely     by   the  consideration      of   human     nature�察   �it  is  plain  that   we   can 

conceive it as existing as well in Adam as in any other man�察�as well in a 

man living among his fellows�察�as in a man who lives by himself。 

     ��42�� The truth of a historical narrative�察�however assured�察�cannot give 

us   the   knowledge   nor   consequently   the   love   of   God�察  �for   love   of   God 

springs from knowledge of Him�察�and knowledge of Him should be derived 

from general ideas�察�in themselves certain and known�察�so that the truth of a 

historical   narrative   is   very   far   from   being   a   necessary   requisite   for   our 

attaining our highest good。 

     ��43�� Still�察�though the truth of histories cannot give us the knowledge 

and   love   of   God�察  �I   do   not   deny   that   reading   them  is   very   useful   with   a 

view to life in   the world�察 �for the more   we have   observed and known of 

men's customs and circumstances�察�which are best revealed by their actions�察�

the more warily we shall be able to order our lives among them�察�and so far 

as reason dictates to adapt our actions to their dispositions。 

     ��44��   III。   We   see   that   this   natural   Divine   law   does   not   demand   the 

performance   of   ceremonies   ´   that   is�察  �actions   in   themselves   indifferent�察�

which      are   called   good     from    the   fact   of  their   institution�察   �or   actions 

symbolizing   something   profitable   for   salvation�察  �or   ��if   one   prefers           this 

definition�� actions of which the meaning surpasses human understanding。 

��45�� The natural light of reason does not demand anything which it is itself 

unable to supply�察�but only such as it can very clearly show to be good�察�or a 

means   to   our   blessedness。   ��46��   Such   things   as   are   good   simply   because 

they     have    been    commanded         or   instituted�察   �or   as   being    symbols      of 



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something   good�察  �are   mere   shadows   which   cannot   be   reckoned   among 

actions that are the offsprings as it were�察�or fruit of a sound mind and of 

intellect。 ��47�� There is no need for me to go into this now in more detail。 

     ��48�� IV。 Lastly�察�we see that the highest reward of the Divine law is the 

law itself�察�namely�察�to know God and to love Him of our free choice�察�and 

with   an   undivided   and   fruitful   spirit�察  �while   its   penalty  is   the   absence   of 

these    things�察   �and    being    in  bondage      to  the   flesh   ´  that  is�察 �having     an 

inconstant and wavering spirit。 

     ��49�� These points being noted�察�I must now inquire�此。�50�� I。 Whether by 

the   natural   light   of   reason   we   can   conceive   of                God   as   a   law´ 

giver or potentate ordaining laws for men�拭。�51�� II。 What is the teaching of 

Holy Writ   concerning   this                       natural   light   of   reason   and   natural 

law�拭。�52�� III。 With what objects were ceremonies formerly instituted�拭。�53�� 

IV。   Lastly�察  �what   is   the   good   gained   by   knowing   the                     sacred 

histories and believing them�拭�

     ��54�� Of the first two I will treat in this chapter�察�of the remaining two in 

the following one。 

     ��55�� Our conclusion about the first is easily deduced from the nature of 

God's will�察�which is only distinguished from His understanding in relation 

to   our   intellect   ´   that   is�察  �the   will   and   the   understanding   of   God   are   in 

reality   one   and   the   same�察  �and   are   only   distinguished   in   relation   to   our 

thoughts      which      we   form     concerning       God's    understanding。        ��56��   For 

instance�察�if we are only looking to the fact that the nature of a triangle is 

from eternity contained in the Divine nature as an eternal verity�察�we say 

that God possesses the idea of a triangle�察�or that He understands the nature 

of   a   triangle�察  �but   if   afterwards   we   look   to   the   fact   that   the   nature   of   a 

triangle is thus contained in the Divine nature�察�solely by the necessity of 

the Divine nature�察�and not by the necessity of the nature and essence of a 

triangle ´ in fact�察�that the necessity of a triangle's essence and nature�察�in so 

far   as   they   are   conceived   of   as   eternal   verities�察  �depends   solely   on   the 

necessity  of   the   Divine   nature   and   intellect�察  �we   then   style   God's   will   or 

decree�察�that which before we styled His intellect。 ��57�� Wherefore we make 

one and   the same   affirmation concerning   God   when   we say  that   He   has 

from eternity decreed that three angles of a triangle are equal to two right 



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angles�察�as when we say that He has understood it。 

     ��58�� Hence the affirmations and the negations of God always involve 

necessity or truth�察�so that�察�for example�察�if God said to Adam that He did 

not wish him to eat of the tree of knowledge of good and evil�察�it would 

have involved a contradiction that Adam should have been able to eat of it�察�

and would therefore have been impossible   that he should have so   eaten�察�

for   the   Divine   command   would   have   involved   an   eternal   necessity   and 

truth。 ��59�� But since Scripture nevertheless narrates that God did give this 

command to Adam�察  �and   yet that none   the   less Adam ate   of   the   tree�察  �we 

must perforce say that God revealed to Adam t
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