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theologico-political treatise p1(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢1)-及3何蛍
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each would then obey God freely with his whole heart�察 �while nothing
would be publicly honoured save justice and charity。
��47�� Having thus drawn attention to the liberty conceded to everyone
by the revealed law of God�察�I pass on to another part of my subject�察�and
prove that this same liberty can and should be accorded with safety to the
state and the magisterial authority ´ in fact�察 �that it cannot be withheld
without great danger to peace and detriment to the community。
��48�� In order to establish my point�察�I start from the natural rights of the
individual�察�which are co´extensive with his desires and power�察�and from
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the fact that no one is bound to live as another pleases�察�but is the guardian
of his own liberty。 ��49�� I show that these rights can only be transferred to
those whom we depute to defend us�察 �who acquire with the duties of
defence the power of ordering our lives�察 �and I thence infer that rulers
possess rights only limited by their power�察�that they are the sole guardians
of justice and liberty�察�and that their subjects should act in all things as they
dictate�此�nevertheless�察�since no one can so utterly abdicate his own power
of self´defence as to cease to be a man�察 �I conclude that no one can be
deprived of his natural rights absolutely�察�but that subjects�察�either by tacit
agreement�察�or by social contract�察�retain a certain number�察�which cannot be
taken from them without great danger to the state。
��50�� From these considerations I pass on to the Hebrew State�察�which I
describe at some length�察�in order to trace the manner in which Religion
acquired the force of law�察�and to touch on other noteworthy points。 ��51�� I
then prove�察�that the holders of sovereign power are the depositories and
interpreters of religious no less than of civil ordinances�察 �and that they
alone have the right to decide what is just or unjust�察 �pious or impious�察�
lastly�察 �I conclude by showing�察 �that they best retain this right and secure
safety to their state by allowing every man to think what he likes�察�and say
what he thinks。
��52�� Such�察 �Philosophical Reader�察 �are the questions I submit to your
notice�察 �counting on your approval�察 �for the subject matter of the whole
book and of the several chapters is important and profitable。 ��53�� I would
say more�察�but I do not want my preface to extend to a volume�察�especially
as I know that its leading propositions are to Philosophers but common
places。 ��54�� To the rest of mankind I care not to commend my treatise�察�for
I cannot expect that it contains anything to please them�此 �I know how
deeply rooted are the prejudices embraced under the name of religion�察 �I
am aware that in the mind of the masses superstition is no less deeply
rooted than fear�察 �I recognize that their constancy is mere obstinacy�察 �and
that they are led to praise or blame by impulse rather than reason。 ��55��
Therefore the multitude�察�and those of like passions with the multitude�察�I
ask not to read my book�察 �nay�察 �I would rather that they should utterly
neglect it�察�than that they should misinterpret it after their wont。 ��56�� They
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would gain no good themselves�察 �and might prove a stumbling´block to
others�察�whose philosophy is hampered by the belief that Reason is a mere
handmaid to Theology�察�and whom I seek in this work especially to benefit。
��57�� But as there will be many who have neither the leisure�察�nor�察�perhaps�察�
the inclination to read through all I have written�察�I feel bound here�察�as at
the end of my treatise�察�to declare that I have written nothing�察�which I do
not most willingly submit to the examination and judgment of my
country's rulers�察�and that I am ready to retract anything�察�which they shall
decide to be repugnant to the laws or prejudicial to the public good。 ��58�� I
know that I am a man and�察 �as a man�察 �liable to error�察 �but against error I
have taken scrupulous care�察�and striven to keep in entire accordance with
the laws of my country�察�with loyalty�察�and with morality。
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CHAPTER I。 ´ Of Prophecy
��1�� Prophecy�察�or revelation is sure knowledge revealed by God to man。
��2�� A prophet is one who interprets the revelations of God ��insights�� to
those who are unable to attain to sure knowledge of the matters revealed�察�
and therefore can only apprehend them by simple faith。
��3�� The Hebrew word for prophet is ;naw´vee';�察 �Strong��5030�察�
��Endnote 1�А �i。e。 speaker or interpreter�察 �but in Scripture its meaning is
restricted to interpreter of God�察�as we may learn from Exodus vii��1�察�where
God says to Moses�察 �See�察�I have made thee a god to Pharaoh�察�and Aaron
thy brother shall be thy prophet�察─ �implying that�察 �since in interpreting
Moses' words to Pharaoh�察�Aaron acted the part of a prophet�察�Moses would
be to Pharaoh as a god�察�or in the attitude of a god。
��4�� Prophets I will treat of in the next chapter�察�and at present consider
prophecy。
��5�� Now it is evident�察�from the definition above given�察�that prophecy
really includes ordinary knowledge�察�for the knowledge which we acquire
by our natural faculties depends on knowledge of God and His eternal
laws�察�but ordinary knowledge is common to all men as men�察�and rests on
foundations which all share�察 �whereas the multitude always strains after
rarities and exceptions�察�and thinks little of the gifts of nature�察�so that�察�when
prophecy is talked of�察�ordinary knowledge is not supposed to be included。
��6�� Nevertheless it has as much right as any other to be called Divine�察�for
God's nature�察�in so far as we share therein�察�and God's laws�察�dictate it to us�察�
nor does it suffer from that to which we give the preeminence�察�except in so
far as the latter transcends its limits and cannot be accounted for by natural
laws taken in themselves。 ��7�� In respect to the certainty it involves�察�and the
source from which it is derived�察�i。e。 God�察�ordinary�察�knowledge is no whit
inferior to prophetic�察�unless indeed we believe�察�or rather dream�察�that the
prophets had human bodies but superhuman minds�察�and therefore that their
sensations and consciousness were entirely different from our own。
��8�� But�察�although ordinary knowledge is Divine�察�its professors cannot
be called prophets ��Endnote 2�В察 �for they teach what the rest of mankind
could perceive and apprehend�察 �not merely by simple faith�察�but as surely
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and honourably as themselves。
��9�� Seeing then that our mind subjectively contains in itself and
partakes of the nature of God�察 �and solely from this cause is enabled to
form notions explaining natural phenomena and inculcating morality�察 �it
follows that we may rightly assert the nature of the human mind ��in so far
as it is thus conceived�� to be a primary cause of Divine revelation。 ��10�� All
that we clearly and distinctly understand is dictated to us�察�as I have just
pointed out�察�by the idea and nature of God�察�not indeed through words�察�but
in a way far more excellent and agreeing perfectly with the nature of the
mind�察�as all who have enjoyed intellectual certainty will doubtless attest。
��11�� Here�察 �however�察 �my chief purpose is to speak of matters having
reference to Scripture�察 �so these few words on the light of reason will
suffice。
��12�� I will now pass on to�察 �and treat more fully�察 �the other ways and
means by which God makes revelations to mankind�察 �both of that which
transcends ordinary knowledge�察�and of that within its scope�察�for there is no
reason why God should not employ other means to communicate what we
know already by the power of reason。
��13�� Our conclusions on the subject must be drawn solely from
Scripture�察 �for what can we affirm about matters transcending our
knowledge except what is told us by the words or writings of prophets�拭�
��14�� And since there are�察�so far as I know�察�no prophets now alive�察�we have
no alternative but to read the books of prophets departed�察�taking care the
while not to reason from metaphor or to ascribe anything to our authors
which they do not themselves distinctly state。 ��15�� I must further premise
that the Jews never make any mention or account of secondary�察 �or
particular causes�察�but in a spirit of religion�察�piety�察�and what is commonly
called godliness�察�refer all things directly to the Deity。 ��16�� For instance if
they make money by a transaction�察�they say God gave it to them�察�if they
desire anything�察�they say God has disposed their hearts towards it�察�if they
think anything�察�they say God told them。 ��17�� Hence we must not suppose
that everything is prophecy or revelation which is described in Scripture as
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