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that everything is prophecy or revelation which is described in Scripture as
told by God to anyone�察�but only such things as are expressly announced as
prophecy or revelation�察�or are plainly pointed to as such by the context。
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��18�� A perusal of the sacred books will show us that all God's
revelations to the prophets were made through words or appearances�察�or a
combination of the two。 ��19�� These words and appearances were of two
kinds�察�1。´ real when external to the mind of the prophet who heard or saw
them�察 �2。´ imaginary when the imagination of the prophet was in a state
which led him distinctly to suppose that he heard or saw them。
��20�� With a real voice God revealed to Moses the laws which He
wished to be transmitted to the Hebrews�察 �as we may see from Exodus
xxv��22�察 �where God says�察 �And there I will meet with thee and I will
commune with thee from the mercy seat which is between the Cherubim。;
��21�� Some sort of real voice must necessarily have been employed�察 �for
Moses found God ready to commune with him at any time。 This�察�as I shall
shortly show�察�is the only instance of a real voice。
��22�� We might�察�perhaps�察�suppose that the voice with which God called
Samuel was real�察�for in 1 Sam。 iii��21�察�we read�察 �And the Lord appeared
again in Shiloh�察�for the Lord revealed Himself to Samuel in Shiloh by the
word of the Lord�察─�implying that the appearance of the Lord consisted in
His making Himself known to Samuel through a voice�察 �in other words�察�
that Samuel heard the Lord speaking。 ��23�� But we are compelled to
distinguish between the prophecies of Moses and those of other prophets�察�
and therefore must decide that this voice was imaginary�察 �a conclusion
further supported by the voice's resemblance to the voice of Eli�察 �which
Samuel was in the habit of hearing�察 �and therefore might easily imagine�察�
when thrice called by the Lord�察�Samuel supposed it to have been Eli。
��24�� The voice which Abimelech heard was imaginary�察�for it is written�察�
Gen。 xx��6�察 �And God said unto him in a dream。; ��25�� So that the will of
God was manifest to him�察�not in waking�察�but only�察�in sleep�察�that is�察�when
the imagination is most active and uncontrolled。 ��26�� Some of the Jews
believe that the actual words of the Decalogue were not spoken by God�察�
but that the Israelites heard a noise only�察�without any distinct words�察�and
during its continuance apprehended the Ten Commandments by pure
intuition�察�to this opinion I myself once inclined�察�seeing that the words of
the Decalogue in Exodus are different from the words of the Decalogue in
Deuteronomy�察�for the discrepancy seemed to imply ��since God only spoke
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once�� that the Ten Commandments were not intended to convey the actual
words of the Lord�察�but only His meaning。 ��27�� However�察�unless we would
do violence to Scripture�察�we must certainly admit that the Israelites heard a
real voice�察�for Scripture expressly says�察 �Deut。 v��4�察─�God spake with you
face to face�察─ �i。e。 as two men ordinarily interchange ideas through the
instrumentality of their two bodies�察�and therefore it seems more consonant
with Holy Writ to suppose that God really did create a voice of some kind
with which the Decalogue was revealed。 ��28�� The discrepancy of the two
versions is treated of in Chap。 VIII。
��29�� Yet not even thus is all difficulty removed�察�for it seems scarcely
reasonable to affirm that a created thing�察�depending on God in the same
manner as other created things�察 �would be able to express or explain the
nature of God either verbally or really by means of its individual organism�此�
for instance�察�by declaring in the first person�察 �I am the Lord your God。;
��30�� Certainly when anyone says with his mouth�察 �I understand�察─�we
do not attribute the understanding to the mouth�察 �but to the mind of the
speaker�察 �yet this is because the mouth is the natural organ of a man
speaking�察 �and the hearer�察 �knowing what understanding is�察 �easily
comprehends�察 �by a comparison with himself�察 �that the speaker's mind is
meant�察�but if we knew nothing of God beyond the mere name and wished
to commune with Him�察�and be assured of His existence�察�I fail to see how
our wish would be satisfied by the declaration of a created thing
��depending on God neither more nor less than ourselves���察 �I am the Lord。;
��31�� If God contorted the lips of Moses�察�or�察�I will not say Moses�察�but some
beast�察 �till they pronounced the words�察 �I am the Lord�察─ �should we
apprehend the Lord's existence therefrom�拭�
��32�� Scripture seems clearly to point to the belief that God spoke
Himself�察�having descended from heaven to Mount Sinai for the purpose ´
and not only that the Israelites heard Him speaking�察 �but that their chief
men beheld Him ��Ex��xxiv。�� ��33�� Further the law of Moses�察�which might
neither be added to nor curtailed�察 �and which was set up as a national
standard of right�察�nowhere prescribed the belief that God is without body�察�
or even without form or figure�察 �but only ordained that the Jews should
believe in His existence and worship Him alone�此�it forbade them to invent
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or fashion any likeness of the Deity�察�but this was to insure purity of service�察�
because�察�never having seen God�察�they could not by means of images recall
the likeness of God�察 �but only the likeness of some created thing which
might thus gradually take the place of God as the object of their adoration。
��34�� Nevertheless�察�the Bible clearly implies that God has a form�察�and that
Moses when he heard God speaking was permitted to behold it�察�or at least
its hinder parts。
��35�� Doubtless some mystery lurks in this question which we will
discuss more fully below。 ��36�� For the present I will call attention to the
passages in Scripture indicating the means by which God has revealed His
laws to man。
��37�� Revelation may be through figures only�察 �as in I Chron��xxii。�察�
where God displays his anger to David by means of an angel bearing a
sword�察�and also in the story of Balaam。
��38�� Maimonides and others do indeed maintain that these and every
other instance of angelic apparitions ��e。g。 to Manoah and to Abraham
offering up Isaac�� occurred during sleep�察 �for that no one with his eyes
open ever could see an angel�察 �but this is mere nonsense。 ��39�� The sole
object of such commentators seems to be to extort from Scripture
confirmations of Aristotelian quibbles and their own inventions�察 �a
proceeding which I regard as the acme of absurdity。
��40�� In figures�察�not real but existing only in the prophet's imagination�察�
God revealed to Joseph his future lordship�察�and in words and figures He
revealed to Joshua that He would fight for the Hebrews�察�causing to appear
an angel�察�as it were the Captain of the Lord's host�察�bearing a sword�察�and by
this means communicating verbally。 ��41�� The forsaking of Israel by
Providence was portrayed to Isaiah by a vision of the Lord�察�the thrice Holy�察�
sitting on a very lofty throne�察�and the Hebrews�察�stained with the mire of
their sins�察 �sunk as it were in uncleanness�察 �and thus as far as possible
distant from God。 ��42�� The wretchedness of the people at the time was
thus revealed�察�while future calamities were foretold in words。 I could cite
from Holy Writ many similar examples�察�but I think they are sufficiently
well known already。
��43�� However�察�we get a still more clear confirmation of our position in
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Num xii��6��7�察�as follows�此 �If there be any prophet among you�察�I the Lord
will make myself known unto him in a vision; ��i。e。 by appearances and
signs�察�for God says of the prophecy of Moses that it was a vision without
signs���察 �and will speak unto him in a dream ; ��i。e。 not with actual words
and an actual voice��。 ��44�� ;My servant Moses is not so�察�with him will I
speak mouth to mouth�察�even apparently�察�and not in dark speeches�察�and the
similitude of the Lord he shall behold�察─�i。e。 looking on me as a friend and
not afraid�察�he speaks with me ��cf。 Ex xxxiii��17��。
��45�� This makes it indisputable that the other prophets did not hear a
real voice�察�and we gather as much from Deut。 xxiv��10�此 �And there arose
not a prophet since in Israel like unto Moses whom the Lord knew face to
face�察─�which must mean that the Lord spoke with none other�察�for not even
Moses saw the Lord's face。 ��46�� These are the only media of
communication between God and man which I find mentioned in Scripture�察�
and therefore the only ones which may be supposed or invented。 ��47�� W
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