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&c。���察�that the Lord was seen by Micah as sitting�察�by Daniel as an old man
clothed in white�察 �by Ezekiel as a fire�察 �that the Holy Spirit appeared to
those with Christ as a descending dove�察�to the apostles as fiery tongues�察�to
Paul on his conversion as a great light。 ��123�� All these expressions are
plainly in harmony with the current ideas of God and spirits。
��124�� Inasmuch as imagination is fleeting and inconstant�察�we find that
the power of prophecy did not remain with a prophet for long�察 �nor
manifest itself frequently�察�but was very rare�察 �manifesting itself only in a
few men�察�and in them not often。
��125��We must necessarily inquire how the prophets became assured of
the truth of what they perceived by imagination�察�and not by sure mental
laws�察�but our investigation must be confined to Scripture�察�for the subject is
one on which we cannot acquire certain knowledge�察�and which we cannot
explain by the immediate causes。 ��126�� Scripture teaching about the
assurance of prophets I will treat of in the next chapter。
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CHAPTER II。 ´ OF PROPHETS。
��1�� It follows from the last chapter that�察 �as I have said�察 �the prophets
were endowed with unusually vivid imaginations�察�and not with unusually�察�
perfect minds。 ��2�� This conclusion is amply sustained by Scripture�察�for we
are told that Solomon was the wisest of men�察�but had no special faculty of
prophecy。 ��3�� Heman�察�Calcol�察�and Dara�察�though men of great talent�察�were
not prophets�察�whereas uneducated countrymen�察�nay�察�even women�察�such as
Hagar�察�Abraham's handmaid�察�were thus gifted。 ��4�� Nor is this contrary to
ordinary experience and reason。 ��5�� Men of great imaginative power are
less fitted for abstract reasoning�察�whereas those who excel in intellect and
its use keep their imagination more restrained and controlled�察�holding it in
subjection�察�so to speak�察�lest it should usurp the place of reason。
��6�� Thus to suppose that knowledge of natural and spiritual phenomena
can be gained from the prophetic books�察�is an utter mistake�察�which I shall
endeavour to expose�察�as I think philosophy�察�the age�察�and the question itself
demand。 ��7�� I care not for the girdings of superstition�察�for superstition is
the bitter enemy�察�of all true knowledge and true morality。 ��8�� Yes�察�it has
come to this� 。�9�� Men who openly confess that they can form no idea of
God�察�and only know Him through created things�察�of which they know not
the causes�察 �can unblushingly�察 �accuse philosophers of Atheism。 ��10��
Treating the question methodically�察�I will show that prophecies varied�察�not
only according to the imagination and physical temperament of the
prophet�察 �but also according to his particular opinions�察 �and further that
prophecy never rendered the prophet wiser than he was before。 ��11�� But I
will first discuss the assurance of truth which the prophets received�察 �for
this is akin to the subject´matter of the chapter�察�and will serve to elucidate
somewhat our present point。
��12�� Imagination does not�察�in its own nature�察�involve any certainty of
truth�察�such as is implied in every clear and distinct idea�察�but requires some
extrinsic reason to assure us of its objective reality�此�hence prophecy cannot
afford certainty�察 �and the prophets were assured of God's revelation by
some sign�察�and not by the fact of revelation�察�as we may see from Abraham�察�
who�察 �when he had heard the promise of God�察 �demanded a sign�察 �not
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because he did not believe in God�察�but because he wished to be sure that it
was God Who made the promise。 ��13�� The fact is still more evident in the
case of Gideon�此 �Show me�察─�he says to God�察 �show me a sign�察�that I may
know that it is Thou that talkest with me。; ��14�� God also says to Moses�此�
;And let this be a sign that I have sent thee。; ��15�� Hezekiah�察�though he had
long known Isaiah to be a prophet�察�none the less demanded a sign of the
cure which he predicted。 ��15�� It is thus quite evident that the prophets
always received some sign to certify them of their prophetic imaginings�察�
and for this reason Moses bids the Jews ��Deut。 xviii。�� ask of the prophets a
sign�察 �namely�察 �the prediction of some coming event。 ��16�� In this respect�察�
prophetic knowledge is inferior to natural knowledge�察�which needs no sign�察�
and in itself implies certitude。 ��17�� Moreover�察 �Scripture warrants the
statement that the certitude of the prophets was not mathematical�察 �but
moral。 ��18�� Moses lays down the punishment of death for the prophet who
preaches new gods�察 �even though he confirm his doctrine by signs and
wonders ��Deut。 xiii。���察 �For�察─ �he says�察 �the Lord also worketh signs and
wonders to try His people。; ��19�� And Jesus Christ warns His disciples of
the same thing ��Matt。 xxiv��24��。 ��20�� Furthermore�察�Ezekiel ��xiv��9�� plainly
states that God sometimes deceives men with false revelations�察 �and
Micaiah bears like witness in the case of the prophets of Ahab。
��21�� Although these instances go to prove that revelation is open to
doubt�察�it nevertheless contains�察�as we have said�察�a considerable element of
certainty�察�for God never deceives the good�察�nor His chosen�察�but ��according
to the ancient proverb�察 �and as appears in the history of Abigail and her
speech���察�God uses the good as instruments of goodness�察�and the wicked as
means to execute His wrath。 ��22�� This may be seen from the case of
Micaiah above quoted�察�for although God had determined to deceive Ahab�察�
through prophets�察�He made use of lying prophets�察�to the good prophet He
revealed the truth�察�and did not forbid his proclaiming it。
��23�� Still the certitude of prophecy�察 �remains�察 �as I have said�察 �merely�察�
moral�察�for no one can justify himself before God�察�nor boast that he is an
instrument for God's goodness。 ��24�� Scripture itself teaches and shows that
God led away David to number the people�察�though it bears ample witness
to David's piety。
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��25�� The whole question of the certitude of prophecy�察 �was based on
these three considerations�此 �1。 That the things revealed were imagined
very vividly�察�affecting the prophets in the same way as things seen
when awake�察�
2。 The presence of a sign�察�
3。 Lastly�察 �and chiefly�察 �that the mind of the prophet was given
wholly�察 �to what was right and good。
��26�� Although Scripture does not always make mention of a sign�察�we
must nevertheless suppose that a sign was always vouchsafed�察 �for
Scripture does not always relate every�察 �condition and circumstance ��as
many�察 �have remarked���察 �but rather takes them for granted。 ��27�� We may�察�
however�察 �admit that no sign was needed when the prophecy declared
nothing that was not already contained in the law of Moses�察�because it was
confirmed by that law。 ��28�� For instance�察 �Jeremiah's prophecy�察 �of the
destruction of Jerusalem was confirmed by the prophecies of other
prophets�察�and by the threats in the law�察�and�察�therefore�察�it needed no sign �察�
whereas Hananiah�察�who�察�contrary to all the prophets�察�foretold the speedy
restoration of the state�察�stood in need of a sign�察�or he would have been in
doubt as to the truth of his prophecy�察�until it was confirmed by facts。 ��29��
;The prophet which prophesieth of peace�察�when the word of the prophet
shall come to pass�察 �then shall the prophet be known that the Lord hath
truly sent him。;
��30�� As�察 �then�察�the certitude afforded to the prophet by signs was not
mathematical ��i。e。 did not necessarily follow from the perception of the
thing perceived or seen���察�but only moral�察�and as the signs were only given
to convince the prophet�察�it follows that such signs were given according to
the opinions and capacity of each prophet�察�so that a sign which convince
one prophet would fall far short of convincing another who was imbued
with different opinions。 ��31�� Therefore the signs varied according to the
individual prophet。
��32�� So also did the revelation vary�察�as we have stated�察�according to
individual disposition and temperament�察 �and according to the opinions
previously held。
��33�� It varied according to disposition�察 �in this way�此 �if a prophet was
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cheerful�察�victories�察�peace�察�and events which make men glad�察�were revealed
to him�察�in that he was naturally more likely to imagine such things。 ��34�� If�察�
on the contrary�察�he was melancholy�察�wars�察�massacres�察�and calamities were
revealed�察 �and so�察 �according as a prophet was merciful�察 �gentle�察 �quick to
anger�察�or severe�察�he was more fitted for one kind of revelation than another。
��35�� It varied according to the temper of imagination in this way�此 �if a
pro
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