嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

the soul of the indian(喩芦繁岻至)-及5何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



misplaced�察  �and he   will go   away  convinced   that   he   has   met   with   a   royal 

host�     �Our honor is the guarantee for his safety�察�so long as he is within the 



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                                THE SOUL OF THE INDIAN 



camp。 

     Friendship is held to be the severest test of character。               It is easy�察�we 

think�察  �to   be   loyal   to   family   and   clan�察  �whose   blood   is   in   our   own   veins。 

Love between   man and   woman is   founded on the mating   instinct and is 

not free from desire and self´seeking。            But to have a friend�察�and to be true 

under any and all trials�察�is the mark of a man� �

     The   highest   type   of   friendship   is   the   relation   of   ;brother´friend;   or 

;life´and´death   friend。;   This   bond   is   between   man   and   man�察  �is   usually 

formed in early youth�察�and can only be broken by death。 It is the essence 

of comradeship and fraternal love�察�without thought of pleasure or gain�察�but 

rather for moral support and inspiration。 Each is vowed to die for the other�察�

if need be�察�and nothing is denied the brother´friend�察�but neither is anything 

required that   is not   in accord  with the highest conceptions   of the  Indian 

mind。 



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                              THE SOUL OF THE INDIAN 



                 III CEREMONIAL AND 

                SYMBOLIC WORSHIP 



    Modern Perversions of Early Religious Rites。             The Sun Dance。        The 

Great   Medicine   Lodge。      Totems   and   Charms。      The Vapor´Bath   and   the 

Ceremonial of the Pipe。 

     The   public   religious   rites   of   the   Plains   Indians   are   few�察  �and   in   large 

part   of  modern     origin�察 �belonging    properly    to  the  so´called   ;transition 

period。;    That period must be held to begin with the first insidious effect 

upon   their   manners   and   customs   of   contact   with   the dominant   race�察  �and 

many of the tribes were so influenced long before they ceased to lead the 

nomadic life。 

     The fur´traders�察�the ;Black Robe; priests�察�the military�察�and finally the 

Protestant missionaries�察�were the men who began the disintegration of the 

Indian    nations   and   the  overthrow     of  their  religion�察  �seventy´five    to  a 

hundred years before they were forced to enter upon reservation life。               We 

have no authentic study of them until well along in the transition period�察�

when whiskey and trade had already debauched their native ideals。 

    During     the  era   of  reconstruction    they   modified    their  customs    and 

beliefs continually�察�creating a singular admixture of Christian with pagan 

superstitions�察�and an addition to the old folk´lore of disguised Bible stories 

under   an   Indian   aspect。   Even   their   music   shows   the   influence   of   the 

Catholic chants。      Most of the material collected by modern observers is 

necessarily of this promiscuous character。 

     It is noteworthy that the first effect of contact with the whites was an 

increase of cruelty and barbarity�察�an   intensifying of the dark shadows in 

the  picture�    �In   this   manner   the   ;Sun   Dance;   of   the   Plains   Indians�察  �the 

most important of their public ceremonials�察�was abused and perverted until 

it   became     a  horrible    exhibition    of  barbarism�察    �and   was    eventually 

prohibited by the Government。 

     In the old days�察�when a Sioux warrior found himself in the very jaws 

of destruction�察�he might offer a prayer to his father�察�the Sun�察�to prolong his 

life。   If rescued from imminent danger�察�he must acknowledge the divine 



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favor   by   making   a   Sun   Dance�察  �according   to   the   vow   embraced   in   his 

prayer�察�in which he declared that he did not fear torture or death�察�but asked 

life only for the sake of those who loved him。                   Thus the physical ordeal 

was   the   fulfillment   of   a   vow�察  �and   a   sort   of   atonement   for   what   might 

otherwise   appear   to   be   reprehensible   weakness   in   the   face   of   death。         It 

was in the nature of confession and thank´offering to the ;Great Mystery�察─�

through   the   physical   parent�察  �the   Sun�察  �and   did   not   embrace   a   prayer   for 

future favors。 

     The ceremonies usually took place from six months to a year after the 

making   of   the   vow�察  �in   order   to   admit   of   suitable   preparation�察  �always   in 

midsummer and before a large and imposing gathering。                          They naturally 

included   the   making   of   a   feast�察  �and   the   giving   away   of   much   savage 

wealth in honor of the occasion�察�although these were no essential part of 

the religious rite。       When the day came to procure the pole�察�it was brought 

in by a party of warriors�察�headed by some man of distinction。                          The tree 

selected   was   six   to   eight   inches   in   diameter   at   the   base�察  �and   twenty   to 

twenty´five   feet   high。       It   was   chosen   and   felled   with   some   solemnity�察�

including the ceremony of the ;filled pipe�察─�and was carried in the fashion 

of   a   litter�察  �symbolizing   the   body   of   the   man   who   made   the   dance。        A 

solitary   teepee   was   pitched   on   a   level   spot   at   some   distance   from   the 

village�察�and the pole raised near at hand with the same ceremony�察�in the 

centre of a circular enclosure of fresh´cut boughs。 

     Meanwhile�察�one of the most noted of our old men had carved out of 

rawhide�察  �or   later   of   wood�察  �two   figures�察  �usually   those   of   a   man   and   a 

buffalo。      Sometimes        the   figure    of  a   bird�察 �supposed      to   represent     the 

Thunder�察�was substituted for the buffalo。                 It was customary to paint the 

man red and the animal black�察�and each was suspended from one end of 

the   crossbar   which   was   securely  tied   some   two   feet   from  the   top   of   the 

pole。     I   have    never    been    able   to   determine      that  this   cross   had    any 

significance�察  �it   was   probably   nothing   more   than   a   dramatic   coincidence 

that surmounted the Sun´Dance pole with the symbol of Christianity。 

     The     paint   indicated     that   the   man    who    was    about    to   give   thanks 

publicly      had   been    potentially     dead�察   �but   was    allowed     to   live   by   the 

mysterious favor and interference of the Giver of Life。                    The buffalo hung 



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                                THE SOUL OF THE INDIAN 



opposite the image of his own body in death�察�because it was the support of 

his physical self�察�and a leading figure in legendary lore。                 Following the 

same     line   of  thought�察   �when     he   emerged     from    the   solitary   lodge   of 

preparation�察     �and    approached      the   pole   to   dance�察   �nude    save    for  his 

breechclout   and   moccasins�察  �his   hair   loosened   and   daubed   with   clay�察  �he 

must drag after him a buffalo skull�察�representing the grave from which he 

had escaped。 

     The dancer was cut or scarified on the chest�察�sufficient to draw blood 

and cause pain�察�the natural accompaniments of his figurative death。                      He 

took   his   position opposite   the   singers�察  �facing  the   pole�察 �and   dragging   the 

skull by leather thongs which were merely fastened about his shoulders。 

During      a  later   period�察  �incisions    were    made     in  the   breast    or  back�察�

sometimes both�察�through which wooden skewers were drawn�察�and secured 

by    lariats   to  the   pole   or   to  the   skulls。    Thus      he   danced    without 

intermission for a day and a night�察�or even longer�察�ever gazing at the sun in 

the daytime�察�and blowing from time to time a sacred whistle made from 

the bone of a goose's wing。 

     In   recent   times�察  �this   rite   was   exaggerated   and   distorted   into   a   mere 

ghastly  display  of   physical strength   and   endurance   under torture�察  �almost 

on a level with the Caucasian institution of the bull´fight�察�or the yet more 

modern prize´ring。        Moreover�察�instead of an atonement or thank´offering�察�

it became the accompaniment of a prayer for success in war�察�or in a raid 

upon the horses of the enemy。           The number of dancers was increased�察�and 

they   were   made   to   hang   suspended   from   the   pole   by   their   own   flesh�察�

which they must break loose before being released。                 I well remember the 

comments in our own home upon the passing of this simple but impressive 

ceremony�察�and its loss of all meaning and propriety under the demoralizing 

additions   which   were   some   of   the   fruits   of   early   contact   with   the   white 

man。 

     Perhaps      the   most     remarkable      organization      ever    known     among 

American Indians�察�that of the ;Grand Medicine Lodge�察─�was apparently an 

indirect    result   of   the  labors    of  the   early   Jesuit   missionaries。      In   it 

Caucasian       ideas   are   easily   recognizable�察    �and   it  seems    reasonable      to 

suppose      that   its  founders     desired    to  establish    an   order    that  would 



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                                THE SOUL OF THE INDIAN 



successfully   resist   the   encroachments   of   the   ;Black   Robes。;        However 

that may be�察�it is an unquestionable fact that the only religious leaders of 

any not
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��0�� 家��0��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��