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the dark lady of the sonnets(噴膨佩鮒戦議菜健繁)-及3何蛍
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out of character unless they were offered to please somebody whom
Shakespear desired to please�察 �and who took a motherly interest in
Pembroke。 There is a further temptation in the theory for me。 The most
charming of all Shakespear's old women�察�indeed the most charming of all
his women�察�young or old�察�is the Countess of Rousillon in All's Well That
Ends Well。 It has a certain individuality among them which suggests a
portrait。 Mr Harris will have it that all Shakespear's nice old women are
drawn from his beloved mother�察 �but I see no evidence whatever that
Shakespear's mother was a particularly nice woman or that he was
particularly fond of her。 That she was a simple incarnation of
extravagant maternal pride like the mother of Coriolanus in Plutarch�察 �as
Mr Harris asserts�察�I cannot believe�此 �she is quite as likely to have borne
her son a grudge for becoming ;one of these harlotry players; and
disgracing the Ardens。 Anyhow�察�as a conjectural model for the Countess
of Rousillon�察�I prefer that one of whom Jonson wrote
Sidney's sister�此 �Pembroke's mother�此 �Death�此 �ere thou
has slain another�察 �Learnd and fair and good as she�察 �Time
shall throw a dart at thee。 But Frank will not have her at any price�察�
because his ideal Shakespear is rather like a sailor in a melodrama�察�and a
sailor in a melodrama must adore his mother。 I do not at all belittle such
sailors。 They are the emblems of human generosity�察�but Shakespear was
not an emblem�此 �he was a man and the author of Hamlet�察 �who had no
illusions about his mother。 In weak moments one almost wishes he had。
Shakespear's Social Standing
On the vexed question of Shakespear's social standing Mr Harris says
that Shakespear ;had not had the advantage of a middle´class training。; I
suggest that Shakespear missed this questionable advantage�察�not because
he was socially too low to have attained to it�察�but because he conceived
himself as belonging to the upper class from which our public school boys
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THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS
are now drawn。 Let Mr Harris survey for a moment the field of
contemporary journalism。 He will see there some men who have the
very characteristics from which he infers that Shakespear was at a social
disadvantage through his lack of middle´class training。 They are rowdy�察�
ill´mannered�察 �abusive�察 �mischievous�察 �fond of quoting obscene schoolboy
anecdotes�察�adepts in that sort of blackmail which consists in mercilessly
libelling and insulting every writer whose opinions are sufficiently
heterodox to make it almost impossible for him to risk perhaps five years
of a slender income by an appeal to a prejudiced orthodox jury�察�and they
see nothing in all this cruel blackguardism but an uproariously jolly rag�察�
although they are by no means without genuine literary ability�察�a love of
letters�察�and even some artistic conscience。 But he will find not one of the
models of his type ��I say nothing of mere imitators of it�� below the rank
that looks at the middle class�察�not humbly and enviously from below�察�but
insolently from above。 Mr Harris himself notes Shakespear's contempt
for the tradesman and mechanic�察�and his incorrigible addiction to smutty
jokes。 He does us the public service of sweeping away the familiar plea
of the Bardolatrous ignoramus�察 �that Shakespear's coarseness was part of
the manners of his time�察�putting his pen with precision on the one name�察�
Spenser�察�that is necessary to expose such a libel on Elizabethan decency。
There was nothing whatever to prevent Shakespear from being as decent
as More was before him�察�or Bunyan after him�察 �and as self´respecting as
Raleigh or Sidney�察�except the tradition of his class�察�in which education or
statesmanship may no doubt be acquired by those who have a turn for
them�察 �but in which insolence�察 �derision�察 �profligacy�察 �obscene jesting�察 �debt
contracting�察 �and rowdy mischievousness�察 �give continual scandal to the
pious�察 �serious�察 �industrious�察 �solvent bourgeois。 No other class is
infatuated enough to believe that gentlemen are born and not made by a
very elaborate process of culture。 Even kings are taught and coached and
drilled from their earliest boyhood to play their part。 But the man of
family ��I am convinced that Shakespear took that view of himself�� will
plunge into society without a lesson in table manners�察�into politics without
a lesson in history�察�into the city without a lesson in business�察�and into the
army without a lesson in honor。
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It has been said�察�with the object of proving Shakespear a laborer�察�that
he could hardly write his name。 Why�拭 �Because he ;had not the
advantage of a middle´class training。; Shakespear himself tells us�察�
through Hamlet�察�that gentlemen purposely wrote badly lest they should be
mistaken for scriveners�察 �but most of them�察 �then as now�察 �wrote badly
because they could not write any better。 In short�察 �the whole range of
Shakespear's foibles�此 �the snobbishness�察�the naughtiness�察�the contempt for
tradesmen and mechanics�察�the assumption that witty conversation can only
mean smutty conversation�察 �the flunkeyism towards social superiors and
insolence towards social inferiors�察 �the easy ways with servants which is
seen not only between The Two Gentlemen of Verona and their valets�察�but
in the affection and respect inspired by a great servant like Adam�此 �all
these are the characteristics of Eton and Harrow�察 �not of the public
elementary or private adventure school。 They prove�察 �as everything we
know about Shakespear suggests�察�that he thought of the Shakespears and
Ardens as families of consequence�察�and regarded himself as a gentleman
under a cloud through his father's ill luck in business�察 �and never for a
moment as a man of the people。 This is at once the explanation of and
excuse for his snobbery。 He was not a parvenu trying to cover his
humble origin with a purchased coat of arms�此 �he was a gentleman
resuming what he conceived to be his natural position as soon as he gained
the means to keep it up。
This Side Idolatry
There is another matter which I think Mr Harris should ponder。 He
says that Shakespear was but ;little esteemed by his own generation。; He
even describes Jonson's description of his ;little Latin and less Greek; as a
sneer�察�whereas it occurs in an unmistakably sincere eulogy of Shakespear�察�
written after his death�察�and is clearly meant to heighten the impression of
Shakespear's prodigious natural endowments by pointing out that they
were not due to scholastic acquirements。 Now there is a sense in which it
is true enough that Shakespear was too little esteemed by his own
generation�察�or�察�for the matter of that�察�by any subsequent generation。 The
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bargees on the Regent's Canal do not chant Shakespear's verses as the
gondoliers in Venice are said to chant the verses of Tasso ��a practice which
was suspended for some reason during my stay in Venice�此 �at least no
gondolier ever did it in my hearing��。 Shakespear is no more a popular
author than Rodin is a popular sculptor or Richard Strauss a popular
composer。 But Shakespear was certainly not such a fool as to expect the
Toms�察�Dicks�察�and Harrys of his time to be any more interested in dramatic
poetry than Newton�察�later on�察�expected them to be interested in fluxions。
And when we come to the question whether Shakespear missed that
assurance which all great men have had from the more capable and
susceptible members of their generation that they were great men�察 �Ben
Jonson's evidence disposes of so improbable a notion at once and for ever。
;I loved the man�察─ �says Ben�察 �this side idolatry�察 �as well as any。; Now
why in the name of common sense should he have made that qualification
unless there had been�察 �not only idolatry�察 �but idolatry fulsome enough to
irritate Jonson into an express disavowal of it�拭 �Jonson�察 �the bricklayer�察�
must have felt sore sometimes when Shakespear spoke and wrote of
bricklayers as his inferiors。 He must have felt it a little hard that being a
better scholar�察 �and perhaps a braver and tougher man physically than
Shakespear�察�he was not so successful or so well liked。 But in spite of this
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