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the dark lady of the sonnets(噴膨佩鮒戦議菜健繁)-及7何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��





lines   are   an   abomination   to   every   democrat。       But   suppose   they   are   not 

political sentiments�        �Suppose they are merely a record of observed fact。 

John   Stuart   Mill   told   our   British   workmen   that   they   were   mostly   liars。 

Carlyle told us all that we are mostly fools。              Matthew Arnold and Ruskin 

were   more   circumstantial   and   more   abusive。          Everybody�察  �including   the 

workers      themselves�察     �know    that   they   are  dirty�察  �drunken�察    �foul´mouthed�察�

ignorant�察  �gluttonous�察  �prejudiced�此        �in   short�察  �heirs   to   the   peculiar   ills   of 

poverty   and   slavery�察  �as   well   as   co´heirs   with   the   plutocracy   to   all   the 

failings     of   human     nature。     Even      Shelley    admitted�察    �200    years    after 

Shakespear        wrote    Coriolanus�察    �that   universal     suffrage    was    out   of  the 

question。      Surely  the   real   test�察  �not   of   Democracy�察  �which   was   not   a   live 

political issue in Shakespear's time�察�but of impartiality in judging classes�察�

which is what one demands from a great human poet�察�is not that he should 

flatter the poor and denounce the rich�察�but that he should weigh them both 

in   the   same    balance。     Now     whoever   will      read   Lear   and    Measure     for 

Measure   will   find   stamped   on   his   mind   such   an   appalled   sense   of   the 

danger of dressing man in a little brief authority�察�such a merciless stripping 

of the purple from the ;poor�察�bare�察�forked animal; that calls itself a king 

and fancies itself a god�察�that one wonders what was the real nature of the 

mysterious       restraint    that  kept    ;Eliza    and   our    James;     from    teaching 

Shakespear to be civil to crowned heads�察�just as one wonders why Tolstoy 

was   allowed   to go   free   when   so   many  less terrible levellers   went   to  the 

galleys or Siberia。        From the mature Shakespear we get no such scenes of 

village snobbery as that between the stage country gentleman Alexander 

Iden and the stage   Radical Jack Cade。               We get the   shepherd in As You 

Like   It�察  �and   many   honest�察  �brave�察  �human�察  �and   loyal   servants�察  �beside   the 

inevitable comic ones。          Even in the Jingo play�察�Henry V�察�we get Bates and 

Williams drawn with all respect and honor as normal rank and file men。 

In Julius Caesar�察�Shakespear went to work with a will when he took his 

cue from Plutarch in glorifying regicide and transfiguring the republicans。 

Indeed hero´worshippers have never forgiven him for belittling Caesar and 

failing to see that side of his assassination which made Goethe denounce it 

as   the   most   senseless   of   crimes。     Put   the   play   beside   the   Charles   I   of 

Wills�察  �in   which   Cromwell   is   written   down   to   a   point   at   which   the   Jack 



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Cade of Henry VI becomes a hero in comparison�察�and then believe�察�if you 

can�察�that Shakespear was one of them that ;crook the pregnant hinges of 

the   knee    where    thrift  may    follow   fawning。;     Think     of   Rosencrantz�察�

Guildenstern�察�Osric�察�the fop who annoyed Hotspur�察�and a dozen passages 

concerning   such   people�      �If   such   evidence   can   prove   anything   ��and   Mr 

Harris relies throughout on such evidence�� Shakespear loathed courtiers。 

     If�察�on the other hand�察�Shakespear's characters are mostly members of 

the leisured classes�察�the same thing is true of Mr Harris's own plays and 

mine。     Industrial slavery is not compatible with that freedom of adventure�察�

that   personal    refinement    and   intellectual   culture�察  �that   scope   of  action�察�

which the higher and subtler drama demands。 

     Even     Cervantes    had   finally   to  drop   Don    Quixote's    troubles    with 

innkeepers demanding to be paid for his food and lodging�察�and make him 

as free of economic difficulties as Amadis de Gaul。              Hamlet's experiences 

simply could not have happened to a plumber。                A poor man is useful on 

the stage only as a blind man is�此         �to excite sympathy。 The poverty of the 

apothecary in Romeo and Juliet produces a great effect�察�and even points 

the sound moral that a poor man cannot afford to have a conscience�察�but if 

all the characters of the play had been as poor as he�察�it would have been 

nothing but a melodrama of the sort that the Sicilian players gave us here�察�

and that was not the best that lay in Shakespear's power。                When poverty 

is abolished�察�and leisure and grace of life become general�察�the only plays 

surviving from our epoch which will have any relation to life as it will be 

lived   then   will   be   those   in   which   none   of   the   persons   represented   are 

troubled with want of money or wretched drudgery。                Our plays of poverty 

and squalor�察�now the only ones that are true to the life of the majority of 

living men�察�will then be classed with the records of misers and monsters�察�

and read only by historical students of social pathology。 

     Then consider Shakespear's kings   and lords and gentlemen�                  �Would 

even   John   Ball   or   Jeremiah   complain   that   they   are   flattered�拭 �Surely   a 

more   mercilessly   exposed   string   of   scoundrels   never   crossed   the   stage。 

The very monarch who paralyzes a rebel by appealing to the divinity that 

hedges a king�察�is a drunken and sensual assassin�察�and is presently killed 

contemptuously before our eyes in spite of his hedge of divinity。                 I could 



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                              THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS 



write    as   convincing     a   chapter    on   Shakespear's     Dickensian      prejudice 

against the throne and the nobility and gentry in general as Mr Harris or 

Ernest   Crosbie   on   the other   side。    I   could   even   go   so   far   as   to   contend 

that one of Shakespear's defects is his lack of an intelligent comprehension 

of feudalism。       He had of course no prevision of democratic Collectivism。 

He   was�察  �except   in   the   commonplaces   of   war   and   patriotism�察  �a   privateer 

through and through。 Nobody in his plays�察�whether king or citizen�察�has any 

civil public business or conception of such a thing�察�except in the method of 

appointing constables�察�to the abuses in which he called attention quite in 

the vein of the Fabian Society。          He was concerned about drunkenness and 

about   the   idolatry   and   hypocrisy   of   our   judicial   system�察  �but   his   implied 

remedy was personal sobriety and freedom from idolatrous illusion in so 

far   as   he   had   any   remedy   at   all�察  �and   did   not   merely   despair   of   human 

nature。     His first and last word on parliament was ;Get thee glass eyes�察�

and�察�like a scurvy politician�察�seem to see the thing thou dost not。;                He had 

no notion of the feeling with which the land nationalizers of today regard 

the fact that he was a party to the enclosure of common lands at Wellcome。 

The   explanation   is�察  �not   a   general   deficiency  in   his   mind�察  �but   the   simple 

fact that in his day what English land needed was individual appropriation 

and     cultivation�察  �and    what    the   English    Constitution     needed     was    the 

incorporation of Whig principles of individual liberty。 



                    Shakespear and the British Public 



     I have rejected Mr Harris's view that Shakespear died broken´hearted 

of ;the pangs of love despised。;            I have given my reasons for believing 

that   Shakespear   died   game�察 �and   indeed   in   a   state   of levity  which   would 

have been considered unbecoming in a bishop。                 But Mr Harris's evidence 

does prove that Shakespear had a grievance and a very serious one。                       He 

might have been jilted by ten dark ladies and been none the worse for it�察�

but his treatment by the British Public was another matter。                  The idolatry 

which exasperated Ben Jonson was by no means a popular movement�察�and�察�

like   all   such   idolatries�察  �it   was   excited   by   the   magic   of   Shakespear's   art 

rather than by his views。 



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                             THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS 



     He was launched on his career as a successful playwright by the Henry 

VI    trilogy�察  �a  work    of   no   originality�察  �depth�察   �or  subtlety    except    the 

originality�察�depth�察�and subtlety of the feelings and fancies of the common 

people。     But Shakespear was not satisfied with this。              What is the use of 

being Shakespear if you are not allowed to express any notions but those 

of Autolycus�拭       �Shakespear did not see the world as Autolycus did�此                 �he 

saw it�察�if not exactly as Ibsen did ��for it was not quite the same world���察�at 

least with much of Ibsen's power of penetrating its illusions and idolatries�察�

and with all Swift's horror of its cruelty and uncleanliness。 

     Now it happens to some men with these powers that they are forced to 

impose   their   fullest   exercise   on   the   world   because   they   cannot   produce 

popular work。       Take Wagner and Ibsen for instance�             �Their earlier works 

are   no   doubt   much   cheaper   than      their   later   ones�察 �still�察  �they   were  not 

popular when they were written。             The alternative of doing popular work 

was never really open to them�此          �had they stooped they would have picked 

up less than they  snatched   from above   the people's   heads。             But   Handel
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