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the dark lady of the sonnets(噴膨佩鮒戦議菜健繁)-及7何蛍
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lines are an abomination to every democrat。 But suppose they are not
political sentiments� �Suppose they are merely a record of observed fact。
John Stuart Mill told our British workmen that they were mostly liars。
Carlyle told us all that we are mostly fools。 Matthew Arnold and Ruskin
were more circumstantial and more abusive。 Everybody�察 �including the
workers themselves�察 �know that they are dirty�察 �drunken�察 �foul´mouthed�察�
ignorant�察 �gluttonous�察 �prejudiced�此 �in short�察 �heirs to the peculiar ills of
poverty and slavery�察 �as well as co´heirs with the plutocracy to all the
failings of human nature。 Even Shelley admitted�察 �200 years after
Shakespear wrote Coriolanus�察 �that universal suffrage was out of the
question。 Surely the real test�察 �not of Democracy�察 �which was not a live
political issue in Shakespear's time�察�but of impartiality in judging classes�察�
which is what one demands from a great human poet�察�is not that he should
flatter the poor and denounce the rich�察�but that he should weigh them both
in the same balance。 Now whoever will read Lear and Measure for
Measure will find stamped on his mind such an appalled sense of the
danger of dressing man in a little brief authority�察�such a merciless stripping
of the purple from the ;poor�察�bare�察�forked animal; that calls itself a king
and fancies itself a god�察�that one wonders what was the real nature of the
mysterious restraint that kept ;Eliza and our James; from teaching
Shakespear to be civil to crowned heads�察�just as one wonders why Tolstoy
was allowed to go free when so many less terrible levellers went to the
galleys or Siberia。 From the mature Shakespear we get no such scenes of
village snobbery as that between the stage country gentleman Alexander
Iden and the stage Radical Jack Cade。 We get the shepherd in As You
Like It�察 �and many honest�察 �brave�察 �human�察 �and loyal servants�察 �beside the
inevitable comic ones。 Even in the Jingo play�察�Henry V�察�we get Bates and
Williams drawn with all respect and honor as normal rank and file men。
In Julius Caesar�察�Shakespear went to work with a will when he took his
cue from Plutarch in glorifying regicide and transfiguring the republicans。
Indeed hero´worshippers have never forgiven him for belittling Caesar and
failing to see that side of his assassination which made Goethe denounce it
as the most senseless of crimes。 Put the play beside the Charles I of
Wills�察 �in which Cromwell is written down to a point at which the Jack
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THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS
Cade of Henry VI becomes a hero in comparison�察�and then believe�察�if you
can�察�that Shakespear was one of them that ;crook the pregnant hinges of
the knee where thrift may follow fawning。; Think of Rosencrantz�察�
Guildenstern�察�Osric�察�the fop who annoyed Hotspur�察�and a dozen passages
concerning such people� �If such evidence can prove anything ��and Mr
Harris relies throughout on such evidence�� Shakespear loathed courtiers。
If�察�on the other hand�察�Shakespear's characters are mostly members of
the leisured classes�察�the same thing is true of Mr Harris's own plays and
mine。 Industrial slavery is not compatible with that freedom of adventure�察�
that personal refinement and intellectual culture�察 �that scope of action�察�
which the higher and subtler drama demands。
Even Cervantes had finally to drop Don Quixote's troubles with
innkeepers demanding to be paid for his food and lodging�察�and make him
as free of economic difficulties as Amadis de Gaul。 Hamlet's experiences
simply could not have happened to a plumber。 A poor man is useful on
the stage only as a blind man is�此 �to excite sympathy。 The poverty of the
apothecary in Romeo and Juliet produces a great effect�察�and even points
the sound moral that a poor man cannot afford to have a conscience�察�but if
all the characters of the play had been as poor as he�察�it would have been
nothing but a melodrama of the sort that the Sicilian players gave us here�察�
and that was not the best that lay in Shakespear's power。 When poverty
is abolished�察�and leisure and grace of life become general�察�the only plays
surviving from our epoch which will have any relation to life as it will be
lived then will be those in which none of the persons represented are
troubled with want of money or wretched drudgery。 Our plays of poverty
and squalor�察�now the only ones that are true to the life of the majority of
living men�察�will then be classed with the records of misers and monsters�察�
and read only by historical students of social pathology。
Then consider Shakespear's kings and lords and gentlemen� �Would
even John Ball or Jeremiah complain that they are flattered�拭 �Surely a
more mercilessly exposed string of scoundrels never crossed the stage。
The very monarch who paralyzes a rebel by appealing to the divinity that
hedges a king�察�is a drunken and sensual assassin�察�and is presently killed
contemptuously before our eyes in spite of his hedge of divinity。 I could
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THE DARK LADY OF THE SONNETS
write as convincing a chapter on Shakespear's Dickensian prejudice
against the throne and the nobility and gentry in general as Mr Harris or
Ernest Crosbie on the other side。 I could even go so far as to contend
that one of Shakespear's defects is his lack of an intelligent comprehension
of feudalism。 He had of course no prevision of democratic Collectivism。
He was�察 �except in the commonplaces of war and patriotism�察 �a privateer
through and through。 Nobody in his plays�察�whether king or citizen�察�has any
civil public business or conception of such a thing�察�except in the method of
appointing constables�察�to the abuses in which he called attention quite in
the vein of the Fabian Society。 He was concerned about drunkenness and
about the idolatry and hypocrisy of our judicial system�察 �but his implied
remedy was personal sobriety and freedom from idolatrous illusion in so
far as he had any remedy at all�察 �and did not merely despair of human
nature。 His first and last word on parliament was ;Get thee glass eyes�察�
and�察�like a scurvy politician�察�seem to see the thing thou dost not。; He had
no notion of the feeling with which the land nationalizers of today regard
the fact that he was a party to the enclosure of common lands at Wellcome。
The explanation is�察 �not a general deficiency in his mind�察 �but the simple
fact that in his day what English land needed was individual appropriation
and cultivation�察 �and what the English Constitution needed was the
incorporation of Whig principles of individual liberty。
Shakespear and the British Public
I have rejected Mr Harris's view that Shakespear died broken´hearted
of ;the pangs of love despised。; I have given my reasons for believing
that Shakespear died game�察 �and indeed in a state of levity which would
have been considered unbecoming in a bishop。 But Mr Harris's evidence
does prove that Shakespear had a grievance and a very serious one。 He
might have been jilted by ten dark ladies and been none the worse for it�察�
but his treatment by the British Public was another matter。 The idolatry
which exasperated Ben Jonson was by no means a popular movement�察�and�察�
like all such idolatries�察 �it was excited by the magic of Shakespear's art
rather than by his views。
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He was launched on his career as a successful playwright by the Henry
VI trilogy�察 �a work of no originality�察 �depth�察 �or subtlety except the
originality�察�depth�察�and subtlety of the feelings and fancies of the common
people。 But Shakespear was not satisfied with this。 What is the use of
being Shakespear if you are not allowed to express any notions but those
of Autolycus�拭 �Shakespear did not see the world as Autolycus did�此 �he
saw it�察�if not exactly as Ibsen did ��for it was not quite the same world���察�at
least with much of Ibsen's power of penetrating its illusions and idolatries�察�
and with all Swift's horror of its cruelty and uncleanliness。
Now it happens to some men with these powers that they are forced to
impose their fullest exercise on the world because they cannot produce
popular work。 Take Wagner and Ibsen for instance� �Their earlier works
are no doubt much cheaper than their later ones�察 �still�察 �they were not
popular when they were written。 The alternative of doing popular work
was never really open to them�此 �had they stooped they would have picked
up less than they snatched from above the people's heads。 But Handel
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