嗔秤戻幣�哉膵�云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜�塋床四衲���萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈��
栽怩弌傍利 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及17何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼���誅卒亮茂�俊彭堋響��辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬��



also   be   read�察  �as   well   as   various   pamphlets   published         by   the   National 

Guilds League。 The attitude of the Syndicalists to Guild Socialism is far 

from   sympathetic。   An   article   in   ``The   Syndicalist''   for   February�察  �1914�察�

speaks   of   it   in   the   following   terms�此  �a   Middle´class   of   the   middle´class�察�

with all the shortcomings ��we had almost said `stupidities'�� of the middle´ 

classes   writ   large   across   it�察   �Guild   Socialism'   stands   forth   as   the   latest 

lucubration   of   the   middle´class   mind。   It   is   a   `cool   steal'   of   the   leading 

ideas   of   Syndicalism   and   a   deliberate   perversion   of   them。   。   。   。   We   do 

protest against the `State' idea 。 。 。 in Guild Socialism。 Middle´class people�察�



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even   when   they   become   Socialists�察  �cannot   get   rid   of   the   idea   that   the 

working´class   is   their   `inferior'�察  �that   the   workers   need   to   be   `educated��' 

drilled�察�disciplined�察�and generally nursed for a very long time before they 

will    be  able   to  walk    by  themselves。      The   very   reverse    is  actually   the 

truth。  。  。  。  It   is   just the  plain truth   when   we  say  that   the  ordinary  wage´ 

worker�察�of average intelligence�察�is better capable of taking care of himself 

than   the   half´educated   middle´class   man   who   wants   to   advise   him。   He 

knows how to make the wheels of the world go round。'' 

       The first pamphlet of the ``National Guilds League'' sets forth their 

main principles。 In industry each factory is to be free to control its own 

methods      of   production     by   means     of  elected    managers。     The    different 

factories   in   a   given   industry   are   to   be   federated   into   a   National   Guild 

which will deal with marketing and the general interests of the industry as 

a whole。 ``The State would own the means of production as trustee for the 

community�察       �the  Guilds     would    manage      them�察  �also   as  trustees    for  the 

community�察�and would pay to the State a single tax or rent。 Any Guild that 

chose   to   set   its   own   interests   above   those   of   the   community   would   be 

violating its   trust�察  �and   would   have   to bow  to the  judgment   of   a  tribunal 

equally representing the whole body of producers and the whole body of 

consumers。 This Joint Committee would be the ultimate sovereign body�察�

the ultimate appeal court of industry。 It would fix not only Guild taxation�察�

but    also    standard     prices�察  �and    both    taxation    and    prices    would     be 

periodically readjusted by it。'' Each Guild will be entirely free to apportion 

what it receives among its members as it chooses�察�its members being all 

those who work in the industry which it covers。 ``The distribution of this 

collective Guild income among the members seems to be a matter for each 

Guild to decide for itself。 Whether the Guilds would�察�sooner or later�察�adopt 

the principle of equal payment for every member�察�is open to discussion。'' 

Guild Socialism accepts from Syndicalism the view that liberty is not to be 

secured      by    making     the    State   the   employer�此      �`The     State   and    the 

Municipality as employers have turned out not to differ essentially from 

the private capitalist。'' Guild Socialists regard the State as consisting of the 

community in their capacity as consumers�察�while the Guilds will represent 

them     in  their   capacity    as   producers�察    �thus   Parliament      and   the   Guild 



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Congress       will   be    two    co´equal     powers     representing      consumers       and 

producers       respectively。     Above      both   will    be   the   joint   Committee       of 

Parliament   and   the   Guild   Congress   for   deciding   matters   involving   the 

interests     of   consumers      and    producers      alike。   The    view    of   the  Guild 

Socialists is that State Socialism takes account of men only as consumers�察�

while     Syndicalism       takes    account     of   them    only    as   producers。      ``The 

problem��'' say the Guild Socialists�察 �`is to reconcile the two points of view。 

That is what advocates of National Guilds set out to do。 The Syndicalist 

has claimed   everything   for  the  industrial   organizations of producers�察  �the 

Collectivist      everything      for  the   territorial   or  political    organizations      of 

consumers。 Both are open to the same criticism�察�you cannot reconcile two 

points of view merely by denying one of them。''��36�А�But although Guild 

Socialism       represents     an  attempt     at  readjustment      between      two    equally 

legitimate points of view�察�its impulse and force are derived from what it 

has    taken     over   from     Syndicalism。       Like    Syndicalism�察      �it  desires    not 

primarily   to   make   work   better   paid�察  �but   to   secure   this   result   along   with 

others   by   making   it   in   itself   more   interesting   and   more   democratic   in 

organization。 

        ��36�А  �The   above   quotations   are   all   from   the   first   pamphlet   of   the 

National Guilds League�察 �`National Guilds�察�an Appeal to Trade Unionists。'' 

        Capitalism has made of work a purely commercial activity�察�a soulless 

and a joyless thing。 But substitute the national service of the Guilds for the 

profiteering      of   the    few�察  �substitute     responsible      labor    for   a  saleable 

commodity�察        �substitute     self´government         and    decentralization       for   the 

bureaucracy        and   demoralizing       hugeness     of   the   modern     State   and    the 

modern joint stock company�察�and then it may be just once more to speak 

of   a   ``joy   in   labor��''   and   once   more   to   hope   that   men   may   be   proud   of 

quality   and   not   only   of   quantity   in   their   work。   There   is   a   cant   of   the 

Middle Ages�察�and a cant of ``joy in labor��'' but it were better�察�perhaps�察�to 

risk   that   cant   than   to   reconcile   ourselves   forever   to   the   philosophy   of 

Capitalism and   of   Collectivism�察 �which declares that work   is   a necessary 

evil never to be made pleasant�察�and that the workers' only hope is a leisure 

which       shall   be    longer�察   �richer�察   �and    well     adorned      with    municipal 

amenities。��37�А�



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       ��37�А �`The Guild Idea��'' No。 2 of the Pamphlets of the National Guilds 

League�察�p。 17。 



     Whatever may be thought of the practicability of Syndicalism�察�there is 

no doubt that the ideas which it has put into the world have done a great 

deal   to   revive   the   labor   movement   and   to   recall   it   to   certain   things   of 

fundamental        importance      which     it  had    been    in  danger     of   forgetting。 

Syndicalists   consider   man   as   producer   rather   than   consumer。   They   are 

more   concerned   to   procure   freedom   in   work   than   to   increase   material 

well´being。 They   have   revived   the   quest   for   liberty�察  �which   was   growing 

somewhat dimmed under the regime of Parliamentary Socialism�察�and they 

have   reminded   men   that   what   our   modern   society   needs   is   not   a   little 

tinkering here and there�察�nor the kind of minor readjustments to which the 

existing     holders     of   power     may    readily    consent�察    �but   a   fundamental 

reconstruction�察      �a  sweeping      away     of  all  the   sources    of   oppression�察    �a 

liberation     of   men's    constructive     energies�察    �and   a  wholly     new    way    of 

conceiving and regulating production and economic relations。 This merit 

is so great that�察�in view of it�察�all minor defects become insignificant�察�and 

this   merit    Syndicalism   will      continue    to  possess     even   if�察 �as  a  definite 

movement�察�it should be found to have passed away with the war。 



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                                    PART II 



                          PROBLEMS OF THE FUTURE 



                                   CHAPTER IV 



                                   WORK AND PAY 

       THE   man   who   seeks   to   create   a   better   order   of   society   has   two 

resistances to contend with�此�one that of Nature�察�the other that of his fellow´ 

men。   Broadly   speaking�察  �it   is   science   that   deals   with   the   resistance  of 

Nature�察    �while   politics   and   social   organization     are   the  methods     of 

overcoming the resistance of men。 

     The ultimate fact in economics is that Nature only yields commodities 

as the result of labor。 The necessity of SOME labor for the satisfaction of 

our wants is not imposed by political systems or by the exploitation of the 

working     classes�察  �it  is  due  to  physical   laws�察 �which    the  reformer�察  �like 

everyone   else�察  �must   admit   and   study。   Before   any   optimistic   economic 

project can be accepted as feasible�察�we must examine whether the physical 

conditions of production impose an unalterable veto�察�or whether they are 

capable of being sufficiently  modified by  science and organization。 Two 

connected doctrines must be considered in examining this question�此�First�察�

Malthus'     doctrine    of  population�察    �and   second�察   �the  vaguer�察   �but   very 

prevale
卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��2�� 家��3��
酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何!
梁椣戻幣�� 梁心弌傍議揖扮窟燕得胎��傍竃徭失議心隈才凪万弌誌育断蛍�輌臆惨軼僑〃�燕慕得珊辛參資誼持蛍才将刮襲潜��範寔亟圻幹慕得 瓜寡追葎娼得辛參資誼寄楚署衛、持蛍才将刮襲潜填��